Landscape Curbing La Mesa

Landscape Curbing La Mesa

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Understanding Landscaping in La Mesa

The Nature of La Mesa Landscaping

Landscaping in La Mesa, a city located in Southern California, is characterized by an emphasis on drought-resistant plants and efficient water usage due to the area's warm climate. Backyard Lounge Area La Mesa . This includes utilizing native plants such as succulents and cactuses which can thrive under the hot sun while requiring minimal watering. Landscapers also incorporate features like rock gardens and gravel paths that contribute to water conservation.

Implementing Sustainable Practices

Sustainability plays a crucial role in landscaping in La Mesa. Many landscapers are adopting eco-friendly practices such as using organic fertilizers and reducing pesticide use to maintain the health of the soil. They are also implementing rainwater harvesting systems and drip irrigation methods to conserve water, further contributing to sustainability.

Eye for Aesthetics

Despite these functional requirements, aesthetics aren’t compromised when it comes to landscaping in La Mesa. Professionals create stunning landscapes by artistically arranging native plants with vibrant colors and unique shapes alongside stylish hardscape features. The goal is always to create outdoor spaces that not only survive but flourish in the local climate while offering beauty and enjoyment for residents.

History of Landscaping in La Mesa

Early Landscaping and Spanish Influence

The history of landscaping in La Mesa, California, is deeply rooted in its cultural heritage. The city's early landscaping was greatly influenced by the Spanish settlers who introduced various plant species and landscape designs. Their love for ornate courtyards and vibrant flower gardens played a significant role in shaping La Mesa's initial landscape outlook.

Mission Revival Style

In the late 19th century, the Mission Revival style became popular in La Mesa. This architectural style heavily influenced landscaping trends, with many homes and public spaces incorporating drought-tolerant plants and hardscape features reminiscent of the missions. This period saw a shift towards more sustainable practices that resonated with La Mesa's semi-arid climate.

Modern Landscaping Trends

In recent years, the landscaping scene in La Mesa has continued to evolve as residents incorporate modern design elements while still maintaining an appreciation for the region’s historical roots. Eco-friendly techniques are now widely adopted including xeriscaping — a method which minimizes water use by utilizing native, drought-resistant plants. These advancements reflect both an adherence to tradition and an adaptive approach to environmental concerns.

The Significance of Landscaping in La Mesa

Enhancing Aesthetic Appeal

Landscaping holds immense significance in the city of La Mesa, California. The city is renowned for its beautiful scenery and aesthetic appeal, much of which can be attributed to well-maintained landscapes. Property owners often invest in landscaping services to enhance their home's curb appeal, making it more inviting and aesthetically pleasing. This not only benefits the individual homeowner but also contributes to the overall beauty of the city.

Increasing Property Value

In addition to improving aesthetics, landscaping plays a crucial role in increasing property value in La Mesa. A well-planned and maintained landscape can significantly enhance a property's market value. Realtors often emphasize that homes with professional landscaping tend to sell faster and at higher prices, making it a worthwhile investment for homeowners planning on selling or leasing their properties.

Promoting Environmental Health

Lastly, landscaping has environmental implications as well. It aids in reducing pollution by filtering pollutants from the air while providing oxygen. Landscaping also helps control erosion, reducing loss of soils in waterways and decreasing flooding. Thus, through professional landscaping efforts, residents of La Mesa contribute positively towards environmental sustainability while enjoying an enhanced living environment.

Essential Elements of Landscaping in La Mesa

Plant Selection and Arrangement

In the process of landscaping in La Mesa, plant selection and arrangement play a crucial role. Given La Mesa's Mediterranean climate, it is beneficial to opt for drought-tolerant plants such as lavender, rosemary, or sage that can withstand high temperatures during summer months. These plants not only add color and texture to a landscape but also promote sustainability due to their low maintenance requirements. Additionally, arranging these plants in an aesthetically pleasing manner enhances the overall visual appeal of the landscape.

Water Features and Hardscape Elements

Another vital aspect of landscaping in La Mesa involves incorporating water features and hardscape elements. Water features like fountains or ponds provide a soothing ambience while serving as focal points within the landscape. On the other hand, hardscape elements like patios, walkways, or retaining walls offer both functionality and structure to the design. These elements should be strategically placed to ensure they complement rather than dominate the natural beauty of your chosen plants.

Popular Styles of Landscaping in La Mesa

Native and Xeriscape Landscaping

La Mesa, with its diverse climate and terrain, offers a unique opportunity for landscaping. One popular style is native landscaping which incorporates local plants such as the coastal sage scrub and chaparral. This approach not only creates a natural-looking landscape but also supports local biodiversity. Another popular style is xeriscaping, which focuses on drought-tolerant plants. Given La Mesa's semi-arid climate, xeriscaping is particularly practical as it conserves water while still providing an aesthetically pleasing garden.

Mediterranean and Modern Landscaping

Other residents of La Mesa prefer a more structured look to their gardens. The Mediterranean style is common amongst these choices, with features like terracotta pots, lavender bushes, olive trees, and decorative pebbles creating a relaxed yet vibrant outdoor space reminiscent of European landscapes. On the other hand, modern landscaping styles highlight geometric shapes and clean lines for a minimalist aesthetic. This could include elements like simple planters filled with succulents or ornamental grasses paired with modern outdoor furniture pieces to create an inviting but sleek garden space.

The Role of Climate and Geography in La Mesa Landscaping

Understanding La Mesa’s Climate

La Mesa, California is characterized by a warm-summer Mediterranean climate which greatly influences the types of plants that will thrive in the local landscaping. The region experiences hot, dry summers and mild, moist winters, necessitating plant species that can adapt to these conditions.

Influence on Plant Selection

Due to this specific climate type, drought-resistant plants and succulents are commonly used in La Mesa landscaping. These include various types of cacti, yuccas, agaves and other native Californian species that have adapted to survive long periods without water.

Geographical Considerations

La Mesa is situated at a higher elevation compared to its coastal neighbors. This geography factors into landscaping decisions as it can affect temperature ranges and wind patterns. Landscapers often consider these elements when designing outdoor spaces, choosing hardy plant species that can tolerate potential weather extremes.

Water Conservation Efforts

Because of California’s frequent drought conditions, water conservation is an important aspect of La Mesa landscaping. Many landscapes utilize xeriscaping methods - an approach that reduces or eliminates the need for supplemental watering from irrigation.

The Role of Soil Composition

Lastly, the soil composition in La Mesa also plays a role in shaping local landscapes. The area's predominantly sandy or loamy soil impacts what plants will grow best here. Understanding soil conditions helps landscapers select the appropriate vegetation for successful growth and sustainability.

Evaluating the Cost and Investment for Landscaping in La Mesa

Understanding the Basics

When considering landscaping in La Mesa, it's essential to understand the costs and investment required. Landscaping can significantly enhance the aesthetic appeal of a property and increase its market value. However, it necessitates careful planning and budgeting. The price can vary depending on the size of your property, the complexity of your desired design, and the materials needed.

Materials & Labor Costs

Materials are a significant factor in determining landscaping costs. These include plants, trees, soil, mulch, decorative elements like stones or pavers etc. The quality and quantity of these materials contribute to overall expenses. Additionally, labor costs also play a vital role; they're calculated based on hours spent working on the project.

Maintenance Investment

Post-installation maintenance should also be considered alongside initial costs. Routine care such as pruning trees, mowing grasses or treating pests is crucial for maintaining an appealing landscape over time. Depending upon whether you hire professional services or do it yourself impacts ongoing investment.

Return on Investment (ROI)

Finally, while evaluating costs one must consider ROI as well—landscaping can potentially increase property value by up to 20%. A well-maintained landscape not only offers aesthetic pleasure but also contributes towards better energy efficiency by providing shade and reducing heat absorption. Thus making it worth every penny invested.

Steps to Design Your Own Landscape in La Mesa

Understanding Your Space

In the vibrant city of La Mesa, designing your own landscape begins with understanding the space you have. Taking note of your property size, soil type, and existing vegetation can help in planning a layout that will suit your environment. The climate in La Mesa is Mediterranean, hence plants like rosemary, lavender and agave thrive well.

Drafting a Plan

Next step involves drafting a rough sketch of your desired landscape design. Include locations for walkways, patios or decks, and positions for plant beds or trees. This plan doesn't need to be perfect but should act as a guide when you begin working on your landscape.

Selecting Plants

Choosing the right plants for your La Mesa garden is crucial. Consider factors such as how much sunlight each area gets throughout the day, how much water each plant needs and how large they'll grow over time. Native California plants such as manzanita or toyon could be excellent choices.

Installing Hardscapes

Hardscapes such as pathways, walls or water features often form an integral part of landscaping design. These features not only add aesthetic value but also improve functionality by defining spaces within your garden. Incorporating locally sourced stones can give a unique touch to these structures.

Maintenance Planning

Once you've designed and built your landscape in La Mesa, ongoing maintenance must be considered to keep it looking its best year-round. Regular watering schedules depending on plant species' needs and seasonal pruning are essential aspects of this process.

Maintaining and Upgrading Your Landscape in La Mesa

Maintaining Your Landscape in La Mesa

Maintaining a landscape in La Mesa is a year-round commitment that requires regular attention. Given the city's Mediterranean climate, certain plant species thrive better than others. Regular watering, pruning, and soil care are vital to ensure these plants flourish. Additionally, seasonal maintenance tasks such as leaf removal during fall and fertilization during spring should not be overlooked.

Upgrading Your Landscape in La Mesa

Upgrading your landscape can breathe new life into your outdoor space and increase the curb appeal of your home. In La Mesa, drought-tolerant landscapes featuring succulents and native California plants have gained popularity due to their low maintenance requirements and resilience to local climate conditions. Adding hardscape elements like patios or fire pits can also enhance the functionality of your landscape while providing a boost to property value. Remember that any upgrades should complement the existing features of your home and surrounding environment for best results.

Navigating Local Regulations for Landscaping in La Mesa

Understanding Local Regulations: Before starting any landscaping project in La Mesa, it's important to understand the local regulations. The city has specific codes to protect its unique ecosystem and residential areas. These guidelines help maintain the visual harmony of neighborhoods and promote sustainable practices.

Acquiring Necessary Permits: Obtaining necessary permits is a crucial step in the process. For certain types of projects, such as installing a water feature or constructing a retaining wall, permits may be required by the city. Failure to acquire them could lead to penalties or even demolition of your project.

Compliance with Water Restrictions:

Respecting Drought Measures

La Mesa often faces drought conditions, leading to water restrictions that impact landscaping choices. Homeowners are encouraged to use drought-tolerant plants and efficient irrigation systems to conserve water. Including these elements in your landscape design can not only save you money on utility bills but also ensure compliance with local regulations.

Working with Professionals:

Engaging Expert Help

Finally, working with professionals who are familiar with La Mesa’s landscaping regulations can simplify the process significantly. They can guide you through permit acquisition, suggest suitable plants for local climate conditions and ensure adherence to all guidelines for a stress-free landscaping experience.

Case Studies: Successful Landscapes Designs in La Mesa

Highlighting the Beauty of La Mesa

In the charming city of La Mesa, various landscaping projects have been successfully completed, enhancing its natural beauty. One such project was at the heart of downtown, where an understated park was transformed into a vibrant communal space. The landscape design company used native plants and sustainable materials to create a low-maintenance yet visually stunning environment that residents could enjoy year-round.

Innovative Residential Landscaping

On the residential front, one particular property stands out - a mid-century modern home in La Mesa's Eastridge neighborhood. Here, the landscape architects redesigned the outdoor living space to match the home's aesthetic while incorporating drought-tolerant plants and efficient irrigation systems. In doing so, they created an appealing outdoor setting that requires minimal water use and maintenance - an increasingly important consideration in California's semi-arid climate.

Eco-Friendly Commercial Spaces

Another notable case study involves a commercial property in La Mesa. A corporate office park sought to reduce its environmental impact while improving aesthetics and employee morale. With careful planning and implementation, the landscape designers introduced native plantings, water-saving irrigation technology, and strategically placed seating areas under mature shade trees for employees’ enjoyment during breaks. This project not only enhanced the property’s appearance but also contributed positively towards sustainability objectives.

Local Plants Suitable for a Landscape Project in La Mesa

Drought-Tolerant Plants

In La Mesa, California, a city characterized by its warm, arid Mediterranean climate, drought-tolerant plants are an excellent choice for landscaping projects. Native species such as the California sycamore, Toyon, and the Coast Live Oak can be found flourishing in many local gardens due to their ability to thrive with limited water.

Succulents and Cacti

Succulents and cacti are also ideal candidates for a La Mesa landscape project. Their unique shapes and vibrant colors can add visual interest while also being highly water-efficient.

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Varieties like Aloe Vera, Agave Americana, or the Golden Barrel cactus are both visually appealing and suitable for La Mesa's climate.

Native Wildflowers

For pops of color throughout your landscape design, consider incorporating native wildflowers. Species such as the California Poppy or Hummingbird Sage not only beautify your garden but also attract pollinators like bees and hummingbirds which contribute to a healthy local ecosystem.

Ground Covers

To combat soil erosion and reduce water loss through evaporation, using ground covers is essential in La Mesa's dry climate. Dymondia margaretae (Silver Carpet) or Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (Bearberry) are great options that offer both aesthetic appeal and environmental benefits.

The Role of Sustainability within the realm of landscaping In la mesa.

Embracing Eco-friendly Practices

The role of sustainability in landscaping La Mesa is becoming increasingly significant. Landscapers are embracing eco-friendly practices to conserve water, reduce waste, and promote biodiversity. These include using native plants that require less watering, implementing efficient irrigation systems, and recycling green waste into mulch or compost.

Promoting Biodiversity and Wildlife

Sustainable landscaping also plays a crucial role in promoting biodiversity and wildlife in La Mesa. By creating habitats for local fauna through the use of native plants, landscapers help maintain a balance in the local ecosystem. This not only benefits the environment but also enhances the natural beauty of the landscape.

Economic Benefits and Future Sustainability

Alongside environmental benefits, sustainable landscaping brings economic advantages to La Mesa residents as well. It reduces maintenance costs due to lower watering requirements and fewer pest problems, thanks to native plants’ adaptability. Moreover, it increases property values by enhancing aesthetic appeal. Looking towards future sustainability, these practices ensure that La Mesa’s unique landscapes can be enjoyed by generations to come.

14 . Tips from Professionals: Do's and Don'ts When Planning a Landscape Design.

Understanding Your Space

Start by thoroughly studying your La Mesa property. Consider the terrain, soil type, and exposure to sun and shade. Understand how different plants will thrive in different conditions. Don’t rush this process; a well-planned landscape design starts with a deep understanding of the existing environment.

Creating Balance

Do strive for balance in your design. This could mean balancing color, texture, or plant size. A mix of different elements can create visual interest and harmony. Avoid using too many similar plants as it may make your landscape look monotonous.

Prioritizing Functionality

Another important tip from professionals is to ensure your landscape serves a purpose. Do you want an area for entertaining? Or perhaps an outdoor play area for children?

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Make sure to incorporate these needs into your design plans right from the start. Don't overlook practical considerations like drainage or maintenance requirements.

Maintaining Sustainability

Choose plants that are native or adapted to La Mesa's climate.

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These will require less water and maintenance, making them more sustainable choices for landscaping in this region. Don't opt for exotic or non-native plants that may not thrive in local conditions.

Working with Professionals

Finally, do consider consulting with a professional landscaper if you're unsure about any aspect of your project. They have the knowledge and experience to guide you through each step of the design process, helping you avoid costly mistakes.

15 . Hiring a Professional vs DIY: Pros and Cons.

Pros of Hiring a Professional

Hiring a professional landscaper in La Mesa brings several advantages, primary among them being the quality of work. Professionals typically have years of experience and can bring your vision to life with precision and creativity that might be difficult to achieve on your own. Additionally, they are equipped with the necessary tools and knowledge about local plant species, weather conditions, and municipal regulations regarding landscaping projects.

Cons of Hiring a Professional

On the flip side, hiring professionals can be costly. Not only do you pay for their services but also for materials they provide. The lack of personal involvement may also lead to results that don't exactly meet your expectations or personal style. Moreover, scheduling conflicts could arise as most reputable landscape companies usually have multiple projects running concurrently.

DYI Landscaping: Pros and Cons

Going the DIY route for landscaping in La Mesa provides a sense of accomplishment and allows total control over the project. It could also save money if you already have some basic tools and knowledge about landscaping. However, DIY landscaping can be time-consuming and physically demanding. There's also a risk of making errors due to lack of expertise which could potentially result in additional costs or damage to your property.

16 . A Look into Future Trends for Landscaping In la mesa.

Embracing Sustainability

The future of landscaping in La Mesa is increasingly leaning towards sustainable practices. As climate change and environmental conservation become more important, landscapers are using drought-resistant plants and native species that require less water and maintenance. This shift towards eco-friendly landscaping is not only beneficial for the environment but also helps homeowners save on water bills.

Innovative Use of Technology

Innovative use of technology is another trend shaping the landscape industry in La Mesa. Landscaping professionals are incorporating smart irrigation systems, drone mapping for accurate landscape design, and advanced lighting solutions to enhance aesthetic appeal while reducing energy consumption. These technologies allow for more precise management of resources, ensuring optimal growth conditions for plants and minimal waste.

Integration of Outdoor Living Spaces

Lastly, the integration of outdoor living spaces with indoor ones is a growing trend in La Mesa's landscaping scene. Homeowners want their landscapes to serve as an extension of their homes, providing additional space for relaxation or entertainment. As such, landscapers are creating innovative designs featuring outdoor kitchens, cozy fire pits, or tranquil water features that blend seamlessly with the home's interior design.

17 . Managing Pests and Diseases Within Your Landscape.

Identification of Pests and Diseases

To effectively manage pests and diseases in your La Mesa landscape, the first step is identification. This requires a keen eye for detail and a basic understanding of common pests and plant diseases specific to the La Mesa region.

Preventive Measures

Secondly, preventive measures should be put in place to avoid pest infestations or disease outbreaks. These can include practicing proper sanitation by clearing fallen leaves and debris, maintaining healthy soil conditions, or using resistant plant varieties.

Pest Control Methods

If an infestation occurs, there are diverse control methods available. Natural pest control involves beneficial insects that feed on pests, while chemical control involves the use of pesticides. However, it’s important to use these chemicals sparingly as they can harm non-target species.

Disease Management Techniques

When it comes to managing plant diseases within your landscape in La Mesa, techniques such as pruning infected branches or applying organic fungicides can be effective solutions. However, always ensure you identify the correct disease before taking action.

Maintenance

Finally, regular maintenance plays a crucial role in managing pests and diseases within your landscape. Regular monitoring will help you notice any changes early enough to take necessary action before any serious damage occurs.

18 . Making Use Of Technology For Efficient Watering Systems.

Adopting Advanced Irrigation Technology

In the realm of landscaping in La Mesa, technology plays a pivotal role, particularly when it comes to efficient watering systems. Today’s advanced irrigation technologies include smart sprinkler systems and drip irrigation techniques that ensure water is delivered precisely where it's needed, reducing waste while promoting healthier plants. These systems are often programmable, allowing for watering schedules that adapt to the specific needs of your landscape and local weather conditions.

The Impact on Water Conservation

The use of these technologically-advanced watering systems does not only improve the aesthetics and health of your landscape but also significantly contributes to water conservation efforts in La Mesa. As Southern California grapples with ongoing drought conditions, employing an efficient watering system can make a considerable difference in overall water usage. Landscaping professionals can offer insights into the best tech-based solutions for individual yards or commercial properties, ensuring both beauty and sustainability are achieved.

19 . Incorporating Outdoor Living Spaces Into the Landscape Design.

Outdoor Living Spaces and Landscape Design

In La Mesa, the incorporation of outdoor living spaces into landscape design is becoming increasingly popular. This trend is driven by a desire to maximize the use and enjoyment of one's property by creating inviting spaces for relaxation and entertainment. These outdoor living areas often include features like patios, fire pits, outdoor kitchens, and pergolas. When incorporated into the overall landscape design, they can significantly enhance the aesthetic appeal of your property.

Challenges in Incorporating Outdoor Living Spaces

However, incorporating these outdoor living spaces comes with its own set of challenges. For instance, it requires careful planning to ensure that these areas blend seamlessly with the existing landscape while still meeting the practical needs of homeowners. Factors like sunlight exposure, privacy concerns, and maintenance requirements all need to be considered during the design process. Therefore, it's advisable to seek professional help from experienced landscapers in La Mesa who can guide you through this complex process and help you create an outdoor space that suits your lifestyle perfectly.

Land cover surrounding Madison, Wisconsin. Fields are colored yellow and brown and urban surfaces are colored red.
Impervious surfaces surrounding Madison, Wisconsin
Canopy cover surrounding Madison, Wisconsin

Landscape ecology is the science of studying and improving relationships between ecological processes in the environment and particular ecosystems. This is done within a variety of landscape scales, development spatial patterns, and organizational levels of research and policy.[1][2][3] Landscape ecology can be described as the science of "landscape diversity" as the synergetic result of biodiversity and geodiversity.[4]

As a highly interdisciplinary field in systems science, landscape ecology integrates biophysical and analytical approaches with humanistic and holistic perspectives across the natural sciences and social sciences. Landscapes are spatially heterogeneous geographic areas characterized by diverse interacting patches or ecosystems, ranging from relatively natural terrestrial and aquatic systems such as forests, grasslands, and lakes to human-dominated environments including agricultural and urban settings.[2][5][6]

The most salient characteristics of landscape ecology are its emphasis on the relationship among pattern, process and scales, and its focus on broad-scale ecological and environmental issues. These necessitate the coupling between biophysical and socioeconomic sciences. Key research topics in landscape ecology include ecological flows in landscape mosaics, land use and land cover change, scaling, relating landscape pattern analysis with ecological processes, and landscape conservation and sustainability.[7] Landscape ecology also studies the role of human impacts on landscape diversity in the development and spreading of new human pathogens that could trigger epidemics.[8][9]

Terminology

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The German term Landschaftsökologie – thus landscape ecology – was coined by German geographer Carl Troll in 1939.[10] He developed this terminology and many early concepts of landscape ecology as part of his early work, which consisted of applying aerial photograph interpretation to studies of interactions between environment and vegetation.

Explanation

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Heterogeneity is the measure of how parts of a landscape differ from one another. Landscape ecology looks at how this spatial structure affects organism abundance at the landscape level, as well as the behavior and functioning of the landscape as a whole. This includes studying the influence of pattern, or the internal order of a landscape, on process, or the continuous operation of functions of organisms.[11] Landscape ecology also includes geomorphology as applied to the design and architecture of landscapes.[12] Geomorphology is the study of how geological formations are responsible for the structure of a landscape.

History

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Evolution of theory

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One central landscape ecology theory originated from MacArthur & Wilson's The Theory of Island Biogeography. This work considered the biodiversity on islands as the result of competing forces of colonization from a mainland stock and stochastic extinction. The concepts of island biogeography were generalized from physical islands to abstract patches of habitat by Levins' metapopulation model (which can be applied e.g. to forest islands in the agricultural landscape[13]). This generalization spurred the growth of landscape ecology by providing conservation biologists a new tool to assess how habitat fragmentation affects population viability. Recent growth of landscape ecology owes much to the development of geographic information systems (GIS)[14] and the availability of large-extent habitat data (e.g. remotely sensed datasets).

Development as a discipline

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Landscape ecology developed in Europe from historical planning on human-dominated landscapes. Concepts from general ecology theory were integrated in North America.[when?] While general ecology theory and its sub-disciplines focused on the study of more homogenous, discrete community units organized in a hierarchical structure (typically as ecosystems, populations, species, and communities), landscape ecology built upon heterogeneity in space and time. It frequently included human-caused landscape changes in theory and application of concepts.[15]

By 1980, landscape ecology was a discrete, established discipline. It was marked by the organization of the International Association for Landscape Ecology (IALE) in 1982. Landmark book publications defined the scope and goals of the discipline, including Naveh and Lieberman[16] and Forman and Godron.[17][18] Forman[6] wrote that although study of "the ecology of spatial configuration at the human scale" was barely a decade old, there was strong potential for theory development and application of the conceptual framework.

Today, theory and application of landscape ecology continues to develop through a need for innovative applications in a changing landscape and environment. Landscape ecology relies on advanced technologies such as remote sensing, GIS, and models. There has been associated development of powerful quantitative methods to examine the interactions of patterns and processes.[5] An example would be determining the amount of carbon present in the soil based on landform over a landscape, derived from GIS maps, vegetation types, and rainfall data for a region. Remote sensing work has been used to extend landscape ecology to the field of predictive vegetation mapping, for instance by Janet Franklin.

Definitions/conceptions of landscape ecology

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Nowadays, at least six different conceptions of landscape ecology can be identified: one group tending toward the more disciplinary concept of ecology (subdiscipline of biology; in conceptions 2, 3, and 4) and another group—characterized by the interdisciplinary study of relations between human societies and their environment—inclined toward the integrated view of geography (in conceptions 1, 5, and 6):[19]

  1. Interdisciplinary analysis of subjectively defined landscape units (e.g. Neef School[20][21]): Landscapes are defined in terms of uniformity in land use. Landscape ecology explores the landscape's natural potential in terms of functional utility for human societies. To analyse this potential, it is necessary to draw on several natural sciences.
  2. Topological ecology at the landscape scale[22][23] 'Landscape' is defined as a heterogeneous land area composed of a cluster of interacting ecosystems (woods, meadows, marshes, villages, etc.) that is repeated in similar form throughout. It is explicitly stated that landscapes are areas at a kilometres wide human scale of perception, modification, etc. Landscape ecology describes and explains the landscapes' characteristic patterns of ecosystems and investigates the flux of energy, mineral nutrients, and species among their component ecosystems, providing important knowledge for addressing land-use issues.
  3. Organism-centered, multi-scale topological ecology (e.g. John A. Wiens[24][25]): Explicitly rejecting views expounded by Troll, Zonneveld, Naveh, Forman & Godron, etc., landscape and landscape ecology are defined independently of human perceptions, interests, and modifications of nature. 'Landscape' is defined – regardless of scale – as the 'template' on which spatial patterns influence ecological processes. Not humans, but rather the respective species being studied is the point of reference for what constitutes a landscape.
  4. Topological ecology at the landscape level of biological organisation (e.g. Urban et al.[26]): On the basis of ecological hierarchy theory, it is presupposed that nature is working at multiple scales and has different levels of organisation which are part of a rate-structured, nested hierarchy. Specifically, it is claimed that, above the ecosystem level, a landscape level exists which is generated and identifiable by high interaction intensity between ecosystems, a specific interaction frequency and, typically, a corresponding spatial scale. Landscape ecology is defined as ecology that focuses on the influence exerted by spatial and temporal patterns on the organisation of, and interaction among, functionally integrated multispecies ecosystems.
  5. Analysis of social-ecological systems using the natural and social sciences and humanities (e.g. Leser;[27] Naveh;[28][29] Zonneveld[30]): Landscape ecology is defined as an interdisciplinary super-science that explores the relationship between human societies and their specific environment, making use of not only various natural sciences, but also social sciences and humanities. This conception is grounded in the assumption that social systems are linked to their specific ambient ecological system in such a way that both systems together form a co-evolutionary, self-organising unity called 'landscape'. Societies' cultural, social and economic dimensions are regarded as an integral part of the global ecological hierarchy, and landscapes are claimed to be the manifest systems of the 'total human ecosystem' (Naveh) which encompasses both the physical ('geospheric') and mental ('noospheric') spheres.
  6. Ecology guided by cultural meanings of lifeworldly landscapes (frequently pursued in practice[31] but not defined, but see, e.g., Hard;[32] Trepl[19]): Landscape ecology is defined as ecology that is guided by an external aim, namely, to maintain and develop lifeworldly landscapes. It provides the ecological knowledge necessary to achieve these goals. It investigates how to sustain and develop those populations and ecosystems which (i) are the material 'vehicles' of lifeworldly, aesthetic and symbolic landscapes and, at the same time, (ii) meet societies' functional requirements, including provisioning, regulating, and supporting ecosystem services. Thus landscape ecology is concerned mainly with the populations and ecosystems which have resulted from traditional, regionally specific forms of land use.

Relationship to ecological theory

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Some research programmes of landscape ecology theory, namely those standing in the European tradition, may be slightly outside of the "classical and preferred domain of scientific disciplines" because of the large, heterogeneous areas of study. However, general ecology theory is central to landscape ecology theory in many aspects. Landscape ecology consists of four main principles: the development and dynamics of spatial heterogeneity, interactions and exchanges across heterogeneous landscapes, influences of spatial heterogeneity on biotic and abiotic processes, and the management of spatial heterogeneity. The main difference from traditional ecological studies, which frequently assume that systems are spatially homogenous, is the consideration of spatial patterns.[33]

Important terms

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Landscape ecology not only created new terms, but also incorporated existing ecological terms in new ways. Many of the terms used in landscape ecology are as interconnected and interrelated as the discipline itself.

Landscape

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Main article: Landscape

Certainly, 'landscape' is a central concept in landscape ecology. It is, however, defined in quite different ways. For example:[19] Carl Troll conceives of landscape not as a mental construct but as an objectively given 'organic entity', a harmonic individuum of space.[34] Ernst Neef[20][21] defines landscapes as sections within the uninterrupted earth-wide interconnection of geofactors which are defined as such on the basis of their uniformity in terms of a specific land use, and are thus defined in an anthropocentric and relativistic way. According to Richard Forman and Michel Godron,[22] a landscape is a heterogeneous land area composed of a cluster of interacting ecosystems that is repeated in similar form throughout, whereby they list woods, meadows, marshes and villages as examples of a landscape's ecosystems, and state that a landscape is an area at least a few kilometres wide. John A. Wiens[24][25] opposes the traditional view expounded by Carl Troll, Isaak S. Zonneveld, Zev Naveh, Richard T. T. Forman/Michel Godron and others that landscapes are arenas in which humans interact with their environments on a kilometre-wide scale; instead, he defines 'landscape'—regardless of scale—as "the template on which spatial patterns influence ecological processes".[25][35] Some define 'landscape' as an area containing two or more ecosystems in close proximity.[15]

Scale and heterogeneity (incorporating composition, structure, and function)

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Main articles: Scale (geography) and Spatial heterogeneity

A main concept in landscape ecology is scale. Scale represents the real world as translated onto a map, relating distance on a map image and the corresponding distance on earth.[36] Scale is also the spatial or temporal measure of an object or a process,[33] or amount of spatial resolution.[6] Components of scale include composition, structure, and function, which are all important ecological concepts. Applied to landscape ecology, composition refers to the number of patch types (see below) represented on a landscape and their relative abundance. For example, the amount of forest or wetland, the length of forest edge, or the density of roads can be aspects of landscape composition. Structure is determined by the composition, the configuration, and the proportion of different patches across the landscape, while function refers to how each element in the landscape interacts based on its life cycle events.[33] Pattern is the term for the contents and internal order of a heterogeneous area of land.[17]

A landscape with structure and pattern implies that it has spatial heterogeneity, or the uneven distribution of objects across the landscape.[6] Heterogeneity is a key element of landscape ecology that separates this discipline from other branches of ecology. Landscape heterogeneity is able to quantify with agent-based methods as well.[37]

Patch and mosaic

[edit]
See also: Patch dynamics

Patch, a term fundamental to landscape ecology, is defined as a relatively homogeneous area that differs from its surroundings.[6] Patches are the basic unit of the landscape that change and fluctuate, a process called patch dynamics. Patches have a definite shape and spatial configuration, and can be described compositionally by internal variables such as number of trees, number of tree species, height of trees, or other similar measurements.[6]

Matrix is the "background ecological system" of a landscape with a high degree of connectivity. Connectivity is the measure of how connected or spatially continuous a corridor, network, or matrix is.[6] For example, a forested landscape (matrix) with fewer gaps in forest cover (open patches) will have higher connectivity. Corridors have important functions as strips of a particular type of landscape differing from adjacent land on both sides.[6] A network is an interconnected system of corridors while mosaic describes the pattern of patches, corridors, and matrix that form a landscape in its entirety.[6]

Boundary and edge

[edit]
Main article: Edge effect

Landscape patches have a boundary between them which can be defined or fuzzy.[15] The zone composed of the edges of adjacent ecosystems is the boundary.[6] Edge means the portion of an ecosystem near its perimeter, where influences of the adjacent patches can cause an environmental difference between the interior of the patch and its edge. This edge effect includes a distinctive species composition or abundance.[6] For example, when a landscape is a mosaic of perceptibly different types, such as a forest adjacent to a grassland, the edge is the location where the two types adjoin. In a continuous landscape, such as a forest giving way to open woodland, the exact edge location is fuzzy and is sometimes determined by a local gradient exceeding a threshold, such as the point where the tree cover falls below thirty-five percent.[33]

Ecotones, ecoclines, and ecotopes

[edit]
Main articles: Ecotone, Ecocline, and Ecotype

A type of boundary is the ecotone, or the transitional zone between two communities.[12] Ecotones can arise naturally, such as a lakeshore, or can be human-created, such as a cleared agricultural field from a forest.[12] The ecotonal community retains characteristics of each bordering community and often contains species not found in the adjacent communities. Classic examples of ecotones include fencerows, forest to marshlands transitions, forest to grassland transitions, or land-water interfaces such as riparian zones in forests. Characteristics of ecotones include vegetational sharpness, physiognomic change, occurrence of a spatial community mosaic, many exotic species, ecotonal species, spatial mass effect, and species richness higher or lower than either side of the ecotone.[38]

An ecocline is another type of landscape boundary, but it is a gradual and continuous change in environmental conditions of an ecosystem or community. Ecoclines help explain the distribution and diversity of organisms within a landscape because certain organisms survive better under certain conditions, which change along the ecocline. They contain heterogeneous communities which are considered more environmentally stable than those of ecotones.[39] An ecotope is a spatial term representing the smallest ecologically distinct unit in mapping and classification of landscapes.[6] Relatively homogeneous, they are spatially explicit landscape units used to stratify landscapes into ecologically distinct features. They are useful for the measurement and mapping of landscape structure, function, and change over time, and to examine the effects of disturbance and fragmentation.

Disturbance and fragmentation

[edit]
Main articles: Disturbance (ecology) and Habitat fragmentation

Disturbance is an event that significantly alters the pattern of variation in the structure or function of a system. Fragmentation is the breaking up of a habitat, ecosystem, or land-use type into smaller parcels.[6] Disturbance is generally considered a natural process. Fragmentation causes land transformation, an important process in landscapes as development occurs.

An important consequence of repeated, random clearing (whether by natural disturbance or human activity) is that contiguous cover can break down into isolated patches. This happens when the area cleared exceeds a critical level, which means that landscapes exhibit two phases: connected and disconnected.[40]

Theory

[edit]

Landscape ecology theory stresses the role of human impacts on landscape structures and functions. It also proposes ways for restoring degraded landscapes.[16] Landscape ecology explicitly includes humans as entities that cause functional changes on the landscape.[15] Landscape ecology theory includes the landscape stability principle, which emphasizes the importance of landscape structural heterogeneity in developing resistance to disturbances, recovery from disturbances, and promoting total system stability.[17] This principle is a major contribution to general ecological theories which highlight the importance of relationships among the various components of the landscape.

Integrity of landscape components helps maintain resistance to external threats, including development and land transformation by human activity.[5] Analysis of land use change has included a strongly geographical approach which has led to the acceptance of the idea of multifunctional properties of landscapes.[18] There are still calls for a more unified theory of landscape ecology due to differences in professional opinion among ecologists and its interdisciplinary approach (Bastian 2001).

An important related theory is hierarchy theory, which refers to how systems of discrete functional elements operate when linked at two or more scales. For example, a forested landscape might be hierarchically composed of drainage basins, which in turn are composed of local ecosystems, which are in turn composed of individual trees and gaps.[6] Recent theoretical developments in landscape ecology have emphasized the relationship between pattern and process, as well as the effect that changes in spatial scale has on the potential to extrapolate information across scales.[33] Several studies suggest that the landscape has critical thresholds at which ecological processes will show dramatic changes, such as the complete transformation of a landscape by an invasive species due to small changes in temperature characteristics which favor the invasive's habitat requirements.[33]

Application

[edit]

Research directions

[edit]

Developments in landscape ecology illustrate the important relationships between spatial patterns and ecological processes. These developments incorporate quantitative methods that link spatial patterns and ecological processes at broad spatial and temporal scales. This linkage of time, space, and environmental change can assist managers in applying plans to solve environmental problems.[5] The increased attention in recent years on spatial dynamics has highlighted the need for new quantitative methods that can analyze patterns, determine the importance of spatially explicit processes, and develop reliable models.[33] Multivariate analysis techniques are frequently used to examine landscape level vegetation patterns. Studies use statistical techniques, such as cluster analysis, canonical correspondence analysis (CCA), or detrended correspondence analysis (DCA), for classifying vegetation. Gradient analysis is another way to determine the vegetation structure across a landscape or to help delineate critical wetland habitat for conservation or mitigation purposes (Choesin and Boerner 2002).[41]

Climate change is another major component in structuring current research in landscape ecology.[42] Ecotones, as a basic unit in landscape studies, may have significance for management under climate change scenarios, since change effects are likely to be seen at ecotones first because of the unstable nature of a fringe habitat.[38] Research in northern regions has examined landscape ecological processes, such as the accumulation of snow, melting, freeze-thaw action, percolation, soil moisture variation, and temperature regimes through long-term measurements in Norway.[43] The study analyzes gradients across space and time between ecosystems of the central high mountains to determine relationships between distribution patterns of animals in their environment. Looking at where animals live, and how vegetation shifts over time, may provide insight into changes in snow and ice over long periods of time across the landscape as a whole.

Other landscape-scale studies maintain that human impact is likely the main determinant of landscape pattern over much of the globe.[44][45] Landscapes may become substitutes for biodiversity measures because plant and animal composition differs between samples taken from sites within different landscape categories. Taxa, or different species, can "leak" from one habitat into another, which has implications for landscape ecology. As human land use practices expand and continue to increase the proportion of edges in landscapes, the effects of this leakage across edges on assemblage integrity may become more significant in conservation. This is because taxa may be conserved across landscape levels, if not at local levels.[46]

Land change modeling

[edit]

Land change modeling is an application of landscape ecology designed to predict future changes in land use. Land change models are used in urban planning, geography, GIS, and other disciplines to gain a clear understanding of the course of a landscape.[47] In recent years, much of the Earth's land cover has changed rapidly, whether from deforestation or the expansion of urban areas.[48]

Relationship to other disciplines

[edit]

Landscape ecology has been incorporated into a variety of ecological subdisciplines. For example, it is closely linked to land change science, the interdisciplinary of land use and land cover change and their effects on surrounding ecology. Another recent development has been the more explicit consideration of spatial concepts and principles applied to the study of lakes, streams, and wetlands in the field of landscape limnology. Seascape ecology is a marine and coastal application of landscape ecology.[49] In addition, landscape ecology has important links to application-oriented disciplines such as agriculture and forestry. In agriculture, landscape ecology has introduced new options for the management of environmental threats brought about by the intensification of agricultural practices. Agriculture has always been a strong human impact on ecosystems.[18]

In forestry, from structuring stands for fuelwood and timber to ordering stands across landscapes to enhance aesthetics, consumer needs have affected conservation and use of forested landscapes. Landscape forestry provides methods, concepts, and analytic procedures for landscape forestry.[50] Landscape ecology has been cited as a contributor to the development of fisheries biology as a distinct biological science discipline,[51] and is frequently incorporated in study design for wetland delineation in hydrology.[39] It has helped shape integrated landscape management.[52] Lastly, landscape ecology has been very influential for progressing sustainability science and sustainable development planning. For example, a recent study assessed sustainable urbanization across Europe using evaluation indices, country-landscapes, and landscape ecology tools and methods.[53]

Landscape ecology has also been combined with population genetics to form the field of landscape genetics, which addresses how landscape features influence the population structure and gene flow of plant and animal populations across space and time[54] and on how the quality of intervening landscape, known as "matrix", influences spatial variation.[55] After the term was coined in 2003, the field of landscape genetics had expanded to over 655 studies by 2010,[56] and continues to grow today. As genetic data has become more readily accessible, it is increasingly being used by ecologists to answer novel evolutionary and ecological questions,[57] many with regard to how landscapes effect evolutionary processes, especially in human-modified landscapes, which are experiencing biodiversity loss.[58]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Wu J (January 2006). "Landscape ecology, cross-disciplinarity, and sustainability science". Landscape Ecology. 21 (1): 1–4. doi:10.1007/s10980-006-7195-2. S2CID 27192835.
  2. ^ a b Wu J, Hobbs R, eds. (2007). Key Topics in Landscape Ecology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  3. ^ Wu J (2008). "Landscape ecology.". In Jorgensen SE (ed.). Encyclopedia of Ecology. Oxford: Elsevier.
  4. ^ Leser H, Nagel P (2001). "Landscape diversity — a holistic approach". Biodiversity. Springer. pp. 129–143. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-06071-1_9. ISBN 978-3-642-08370-9.
  5. ^ a b c d Turner MG, Gardner RH, O'Neill RV (2001). Landscape Ecology in Theory and Practice. New York, NY, USA: Springer-Verlag.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Forman RT (1995). Land Mosaics: The Ecology of Landscapes and Regions. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  7. ^ Wu & Hobbs 2002
  8. ^ Bloomfield LS, McIntosh TL, Lambin EF (2020-04-01). "Habitat fragmentation, livelihood behaviors, and contact between people and nonhuman primates in Africa". Landscape Ecology. 35 (4): 985–1000. doi:10.1007/s10980-020-00995-w. hdl:2078.1/243632. ISSN 1572-9761. S2CID 214731443.
  9. ^ Bausch DG, Schwarz L (2014-07-31). "Outbreak of ebola virus disease in Guinea: where ecology meets economy". PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 8 (7): e3056. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0003056. PMC 4117598. PMID 25079231.
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  30. ^ Zonneveld IS (1995). Land ecology: an introduction to landscape ecology as a base for land evaluation, land management and conservation. Amsterdam: SPB.
  31. ^ However, not always under the designation 'landscape ecology', but as part of landscape stewardship, landscape architecture and, first and foremost, environmental or urban and landscape planning.
  32. ^ Hard G (1973). Die Geographie. Eine wissenschaftstheoretische Einführung. Berlin: deGruyter. pp. 92–95.
  33. ^ a b c d e f g Turner MG, Gardner RH, eds. (1991). Quantitative Methods in Landscape Ecology. New York, NY, USA: Springer-Verlag.
  34. ^ Troll C (2007). "The geographic landscape and its investigation.". In Wiens JA, Moss MR, Turner MG, Mladenoff DJ (eds.). Foundation papers in landscape ecology. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 71–101. First published as: Troll C (1950). "Die geographische Landschaft und ihre Erforschung". Studium Generale. Vol. 3. pp. 163–181. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-38240-0_20. ISBN 978-3-662-37475-7. cite book: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
  35. ^ Wiens JA (2005). "Toward a unified landscape ecology". In Wiens JA, Moss MR (eds.). Issues and perspectives in landscape ecology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 365–373.
  36. ^ Malczewski J (1999). GIS and Multicriteria Decision Analysis. New York, NY, USA: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
  37. ^ Wirth E, Szabó G, Czinkóczky A (2016-06-07). "Measure of Landscape Heterogeneity by Agent-Based Methodology". ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences. III-8: 145–151. Bibcode:2016ISPAnIII8..145W. doi:10.5194/isprs-annals-iii-8-145-2016. ISSN 2194-9042.
  38. ^ a b Walker S, Wilson JB, Steel JB, Rapson GL, Smith B, King WM, Cottam YH (August 2003). "Properties of ecotones: evidence from five ecotones objectively determined from a coastal vegetation gradient". Journal of Vegetation Science. 14 (4): 579–90. doi:10.1111/j.1654-1103.2003.tb02185.x.
  39. ^ a b Attrill MJ, Rundle SD (December 2002). "Ecotone or ecocline: ecological boundaries in estuaries". Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 55 (6): 929–36. Bibcode:2002ECSS...55..929A. doi:10.1006/ecss.2002.1036.
  40. ^ Green DG, Klomp NI, Rimmington GR, Sadedin S (2006). Complexity in Landscape Ecology. Amsterdam: Springer. Archived from the original on 2008-06-19. Retrieved 2008-03-22.
  41. ^ Lyon J, Sagers CL (September 1998). "Structure of herbaceous plant assemblages in a forested riparian landscape". Plant Ecology. 138 (1): 1–6. doi:10.1023/A:1009705912710. S2CID 28628830.
  42. ^ Ochoa-Hueso R, Delgado-Baquerizo M, King PT, Benham M, Arca V, Power SA (February 2019). "Ecosystem type and resource quality are more important than global change drivers in regulating early stages of litter decomposition". Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 129: 144–152. doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2018.11.009. hdl:10261/336676. S2CID 92606851.
  43. ^ Löffler J, Finch OD (November 2005). "Spatio-temporal gradients between high mountain ecosystems of central Norway". Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research. 37 (4): 499–513. doi:10.1657/1523-0430(2005)037[0499:sgbhme]2.0.co;2. S2CID 131326887.
  44. ^ Ellis, Erle C.; Gauthier, Nicolas; Klein Goldewijk, Kees; Bliege Bird, Rebecca; Boivin, Nicole; Díaz, Sandra; Fuller, Dorian Q.; Gill, Jacquelyn L.; Kaplan, Jed O.; Kingston, Naomi; Locke, Harvey; McMichael, Crystal N. H.; Ranco, Darren; Rick, Torben C.; Shaw, M. Rebecca (2021-04-27). "People have shaped most of terrestrial nature for at least 12,000 years". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 118 (17): e2023483118. doi:10.1073/pnas.2023483118. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 8092386. PMID 33875599.
  45. ^ Wilson JB, King WM (August 1995). "Human-mediated vegetation switches as processes in landscape ecology". Landscape Ecology. 10 (4): 191–6. doi:10.1007/BF00129253. S2CID 772430.
  46. ^ Dangerfield JM, Pik AJ, Britton D, Holmes A, Gillings M, Oliver IA, Briscoe D, Beattie AJ (June 2003). "Patterns of invertebrate biodiversity across a natural edge". Austral Ecology. 28 (3): 227–36. doi:10.1046/j.1442-9993.2003.01240.x.
  47. ^ National Research Council (2014). Advancing Land Change Modeling: Opportunities and Research Requirements. National Academies Press. pp. Chapter 1. doi:10.17226/18385. ISBN 978-0-309-28833-0.
  48. ^ University of Maryland. "GLCF: Global Land Cover Change". glcf.umd.edu. Archived from the original on 2019-06-09. Retrieved 2018-12-27.
  49. ^ Pittman SJ, ed. (2017). Seascape Ecology. Wiley & Sons.
  50. ^ Boyce SG (1995). Landscape Forestry. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
  51. ^ Magnuson JJ (February 1991). "Fish and fisheries ecology". Ecological Applications. 1 (1): 13–26. doi:10.2307/1941844. JSTOR 1941844. PMID 27755677.
  52. ^ Sayer J (2009). "Reconciling conservation and development: are landscapes the answer?". Biotropica. 41 (6): 649–652. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7429.2009.00575.x. S2CID 85171847.
  53. ^ Shaker RR (September 2015). "The well-being of nations: an empirical assessment of sustainable urbanization for Europe". International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology. 22 (5): 375–87. doi:10.1080/13504509.2015.1055524. S2CID 154904536.
  54. ^ Manel S, Schwartz MK, Luikart G, Taberlet P (April 2003). "Landscape genetics: combining landscape ecology and population genetics". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 18 (4): 189–197. doi:10.1016/S0169-5347(03)00008-9. S2CID 2984426.
  55. ^ Storfer A, Murphy MA, Evans JS, Goldberg CS, Robinson S, Spear SF, et al. (March 2007). "Putting the "landscape" in landscape genetics". Heredity. 98 (3): 128–42. doi:10.1038/sj.hdy.6800917. PMID 17080024.
  56. ^ Storfer A, Murphy MA, Spear SF, Holderegger R, Waits LP (September 2010). "Landscape genetics: where are we now?". Molecular Ecology. 19 (17): 3496–514. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04691.x. PMID 20723061. S2CID 16435893.
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  58. ^ Manel S, Holderegger R (October 2013). "Ten years of landscape genetics". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 28 (10): 614–21. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2013.05.012. PMID 23769416.
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La Mesa, California
City
Amaya Drive Trolley Station
Amaya Drive Trolley Station
Flag of La Mesa, California
Flag
Motto: 
"Jewel of the Hills"[1]
Location of La Mesa in San Diego County, California
Location of La Mesa in San Diego County, California
La Mesa, California is located in the United States
La Mesa, California
La Mesa, California
Location in the United States
Coordinates: 32°46′17″N 117°1′22″W / 32.77139°N 117.02278°W / 32.77139; -117.02278
Country United States
State California
County San Diego
Incorporated February 16, 1912[2]
Government
 
 • Type Council / manager[3]
 • Mayor Mark Arapostathis[4]
 • Vice mayor Laura Lothian[4]
 • Councilmember Jack Shu, Colin Parent, Patricia Dillard[4]
 • City Treasurer Matt Strabone[4]
Area
[5]
 • Total
 9.10 sq mi (23.57 km2)
 • Land 9.10 sq mi (23.56 km2)
 • Water 0.01 sq mi (0.01 km2)  0.44%
Elevation
[6]
 528 ft (161 m)
Population
 (2020)[7]
 • Total
 61,121
 • Density 6,514.46/sq mi (2,515.34/km2)
Time zone UTC−8 (Pacific)
 • Summer (DST) UTC−7 (PDT)
ZIP codes
91941–91944
Area code 619
FIPS code 06-40004
GNIS feature IDs 1660859, 2411576
Website cityoflamesa.us

La Mesa (lit. 'The Table') is a city in San Diego County, California, United States, located nine miles (14 kilometers) east of downtown San Diego in Southern California. The population was 61,121 at the 2020 census, up from 57,065 at the 2010 census. Its civic motto is "the Jewel of the Hills."

History

[edit]

Before European colonization, the area that is now La Mesa was home to the Kumeyaay. The Kumeyaay were a Yuman-speaking people who practiced horticulture and hunting and gathering. The Kumeyaay organized themselves into a federation of self-governed bands, or clans. Beginning in 1769, the Kumeyaay of La Mesa and the larger San Diego County region were enslaved by Spanish colonists or later forcibly relocated to reservations.[8]

La Mesa was originally part of Rancho El Cajón, a Mexican era rancho grant owned by the family of Don Miguel de Pedrorena, a Californio ranchero and signer of the Californian Constitution.

La Mesa in Spanish means "the table", or alternately "the plateau", relating to its geography.[9] La Mesa was part of a larger tract, Mission San Diego de Alcalá, and was used by Spanish missionaries.[10]

Through the years, the Spanish, Mexican, and American settlers valued La Mesa for its natural springs. In 1868, stockman Robert Allison moved to the area and purchased 4,000 acres of land from the heirs of Santiago Arguello, commandant of the Presidio of San Diego. This land became La Mesa, and the "Allison" natural springs were renamed the "La Mesa Springs."[11] The importance of the springs is still reflected today in the name of the prominent "Spring Street," which passes through downtown La Mesa, and with the preservation of the spring house in Collier Park.[12]

La Mesa was founded in 1869 and The City of La Mesa was incorporated on February 16, 1912.[13] Its official flower is the bougainvillea.[1]

In 2020, La Mesa was the site of civil unrest in the wake of the murder of George Floyd in Minneapolis, Minnesota.[14] Two days after Floyd's murder, an unarmed black man was grabbed and shoved by a white La Mesa Police officer and arrested at Grossmont Transit Center.[15] The video of the incident went viral and led to more than 1000 protesters converging on the city. An African-American grandmother was shot in the face with a bean bag round from police.[16] Businesses were looted and several structures were set on fire, including two banks that burned to the ground.[17][18] The officer in the trolley station incident was charged with falsifying a police report in connection with the reason for the arrest but acquitted in December 2021.[19][20] Dages' certification was revoked under a new state law due to serious misconduct in 2025.[21]

Geography

[edit]

La Mesa is bordered by the city of San Diego on the west and north, Spring Valley and Lemon Grove on the south, and El Cajon on the east. It includes the neighborhood of Grossmont.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 9.1 square miles (24 km2). 9.1 square miles (24 km2) of it is land and 0.04 square miles (0.10 km2) of it (0.44%) is water.

Climate

[edit]

La Mesa is approximately 10 mi (16 km) east of the Pacific Ocean. Because of this, La Mesa typically experiences more extreme temperatures than San Diego, most of which lies closer to the Pacific Ocean. La Mesa has a Semi-arid Steppe climate. La Mesa typically has hot, dry summers and warm winters with most of the annual precipitation falling between November and March. The city has dry weather with around 13 inches (330 millimeters) of annual precipitation. Summer temperatures are generally hot, with average highs of 78–92 °F (26–33 °C) and lows of 56–68 °F (13–20 °C). Winter temperatures are warm, with average high temperatures of 66–77 °F (19–25 °C) and lows of 46–58 °F (8–14 °C).

The climate in the San Diego area, like much of California, often varies significantly over short geographical distances, resulting in micro-climates. In San Diego's case, this is mainly due to the city's topography (the Bay, and the numerous hills, mountains, and canyons). Frequently, particularly during the "May gray/June gloom" period, a thick "marine layer" cloud cover will keep the air cool and damp within a few miles of the coast, but will yield to bright cloudless sunshine approximately 5–10 miles (8–16 km) inland. This happens every year in May and June. Even in the absence of June gloom, inland areas tend to experience higher temperatures than areas closer to the coast.

Climate data for La Mesa, California, 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1934–2006
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 90
(32)		 92
(33)		 96
(36)		 105
(41)		 100
(38)		 103
(39)		 106
(41)		 106
(41)		 109
(43)		 105
(41)		 99
(37)		 100
(38)		 109
(43)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 69.4
(20.8)		 69.3
(20.7)		 70.5
(21.4)		 73.8
(23.2)		 75.4
(24.1)		 79.1
(26.2)		 84.0
(28.9)		 85.9
(29.9)		 85.3
(29.6)		 79.3
(26.3)		 73.6
(23.1)		 68.9
(20.5)		 76.2
(24.6)
Daily mean °F (°C) 57.9
(14.4)		 58.4
(14.7)		 60.1
(15.6)		 63.2
(17.3)		 65.9
(18.8)		 69.4
(20.8)		 73.7
(23.2)		 75.3
(24.1)		 74.1
(23.4)		 68.4
(20.2)		 62.2
(16.8)		 57.4
(14.1)		 65.5
(18.6)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 46.5
(8.1)		 47.5
(8.6)		 49.7
(9.8)		 52.6
(11.4)		 56.5
(13.6)		 59.8
(15.4)		 63.4
(17.4)		 64.7
(18.2)		 62.7
(17.1)		 57.6
(14.2)		 50.8
(10.4)		 45.9
(7.7)		 54.8
(12.7)
Record low °F (°C) 26
(−3)		 31
(−1)		 34
(1)		 31
(−1)		 41
(5)		 47
(8)		 46
(8)		 49
(9)		 45
(7)		 30
(−1)		 30
(−1)		 29
(−2)		 26
(−3)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 2.40
(61)		 2.41
(61)		 2.41
(61)		 0.92
(23)		 0.15
(3.8)		 0.08
(2.0)		 0.04
(1.0)		 0.03
(0.76)		 0.21
(5.3)		 0.69
(18)		 1.45
(37)		 1.89
(48)		 12.68
(321.86)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 5.4 5.6 5.5 3.6 1.4 0.7 0.4 0.5 1.0 2.1 3.7 4.9 34.8
Source 1: NOAA[22]
Source 2: National Weather Service[23]

Transportation

[edit]

The City of La Mesa is served by the San Diego Trolley's Orange Line at its stations in Spring Street, La Mesa Boulevard, Grossmont Transit Center, and Amaya Drive, the last two of which are also served by the Green Line.

By car, the city is served by Interstate 8, California State Route 94, and California State Route 125.

Demographics

[edit]
Historical population
Census Pop. Note %±
1920 1,004   —
1930 2,513   150.3%
1940 3,925   56.2%
1950 10,946   178.9%
1960 30,441   178.1%
1970 39,178   28.7%
1980 50,308   28.4%
1990 52,931   5.2%
2000 54,749   3.4%
2010 57,065   4.2%
2020 61,121   7.1%
U.S. Decennial Census[24]

2020

[edit]

The 2020 United States census reported that La Mesa had a population of 61,121. The population density was 6,723.2 inhabitants per square mile (2,595.8/km2). The racial makeup of La Mesa was 59.5% White, 6.9% African American, 1.0% Native American, 6.7% Asian, 0.6% Pacific Islander, 9.5% from other races, and 15.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 25.7% of the population.[25]

The census reported that 98.1% of the population lived in households, 0.3% lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 1.5% were institutionalized.[25]

There were 25,002 households, out of which 28.2% included children under the age of 18, 41.2% were married-couple households, 8.5% were cohabiting couple households, 31.0% had a female householder with no partner present, and 19.2% had a male householder with no partner present. 29.3% of households were one person, and 11.8% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.4.[25] There were 15,118 families (60.5% of all households).[26]

The age distribution was 19.2% under the age of 18, 8.1% aged 18 to 24, 31.9% aged 25 to 44, 24.0% aged 45 to 64, and 16.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38.3 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.7 males.[25]

There were 26,063 housing units at an average density of 2,866.9 units per square mile (1,106.9 units/km2), of which 25,002 (95.9%) were occupied. Of these, 44.9% were owner-occupied, and 55.1% were occupied by renters.[25]

In 2023, the US Census Bureau estimated that 14.2% of the population were foreign-born. Of all people aged 5 or older, 74.9% spoke only English at home, 14.4% spoke Spanish, 3.8% spoke other Indo-European languages, 4.5% spoke Asian or Pacific Islander languages, and 2.4% spoke other languages. Of those aged 25 or older, 94.2% were high school graduates and 38.4% had a bachelor's degree.[27]

The median household income in 2023 was $84,337, and the per capita income was $46,783. About 7.2% of families and 11.7% of the population were below the poverty line.[28]

2010

[edit]

At the 2010 census La Mesa had a population of 57,065. The population density was 6,259.6 inhabitants per square mile (2,416.8/km2). The racial makeup of La Mesa was 54.1% White, 21.5% Hispanic or Latino of any race, 8.0% African American, 5.8% Asian, 0.8% Native American, 0.6% Pacific Islander, 11.6% from other races, and 5.8% from two or more races.[29]

The census reported that 56,408 people (98.8% of the population) lived in households, 124 (0.2%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 533 (0.9%) were institutionalized.

There were 24,512 households, 6,695 (27.3%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 9,330 (38.1%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 3,102 (12.7%) had a female householder with no husband present, 1,335 (5.4%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 1,731 (7.1%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 243 (1.0%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 8,004 households (32.7%) were one person and 2,924 (11.9%) had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 2.30. There were 13,767 families (56.2% of households); the average family size was 2.94.

The age distribution was 11,164 people (19.6%) under the age of 18, 6,396 people (11.2%) aged 18 to 24, 16,792 people (29.4%) aged 25 to 44, 14,625 people (25.6%) aged 45 to 64, and 8,088 people (14.2%) who were 65 or older. The median age was 37.1 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.1 males.

There were 26,167 housing units at an average density of 2,870.3 per square mile, of the occupied units 11,221 (45.8%) were owner-occupied and 13,291 (54.2%) were rented. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.4%; the rental vacancy rate was 7.2%. 26,713 people (46.8% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 29,695 people (52.0%) lived in rental housing units.

Arts and culture

[edit]

Silent film history

[edit]
The Bandit of Point Loma (1912)

From 1911 to 1912, film pioneer Allan Dwan kickstarted his career in La Mesa, directing over 150 silent films produced by Flying A Studios. He often used local mentions in the title of his works such as Bonita of El Cajon, Mystical Maid of Jamacha Pass, The Bandit of Point Loma, The Land Baron of San-Tee, and The Winning of La Mesa. After Dwan moved to Los Angeles for the rest of his career, it was reported that La Mesa missed its chance to be "Hollywood before Hollywood."[30][31]

Farmer's market

[edit]

There is a farmer's market in La Mesa Village every Friday afternoon.[32]

Flag Day Parade

[edit]

On June 14, 1997, with the help of Councilmember Ruth Sterling, the City of La Mesa inaugurated its First Annual Flag Day Parade.[33]

La Mesa Walkway of the Stars

[edit]

The “Walkway of the Stars” is a pedestrian walkway that has been transformed into an urban park in downtown La Mesa. The vision for a place to recognize La Mesa's extraordinary volunteers was provided by Councilmember Ruth Sterling. The park's theme honors the city's outstanding volunteers who have provided 10,000 or more hours of service to the city of La Mesa. “Walkway of the Stars” is located between the Allison Avenue municipal parking lot and La Mesa Boulevard.[34]

Oktoberfest

[edit]

At the beginning of each October, La Mesa holds its biggest event of the year, Oktoberfest, attended by approximately 200,000 people over the three nights of the event.[35]

Back to the 50s Car Show

[edit]

The Back to the '50s Car Show is an annual summer event where classic car enthusiasts come to display their vehicles. The event is held every Thursday evening during the months of June through August in La Mesa Village along La Mesa Boulevard. Admission to the event is free.[36]

Sundays At Six

[edit]

Sundays At Six is a free concert series that is offered every year in the months of June and July. For six Sundays, free concerts are performed in Harry Griffen Park from 6 pm to 7 pm. The concerts began in 2002 after being conceived by then-city councilman Mark Arapostathis and assistant city manager Yvonne Garrett along with members of the community. They are organized by the La Mesa Arts Alliance and sponsored by the Boys & Girls Clubs of East County Foundation.[37]

Other events

[edit]

Other annual events include Holiday in the Village,[38] Trick-or-Treating in La Mesa Village,[39] and the raising of the Pride flag at La Mesa City Hall to mark Pride Month each June.[40]

Grossmont Center

[edit]

The city's major mall, Grossmont Center, opened by the Cushman Family in 1961.[41] In 2021, Grossmont Center was purchased from the Cushman Family by Federal Realty Trust, which valued the shopping center at $175 Million and plans to redevelop and modernize the 925,000 square-foot property.[42]

Alternative media

[edit]

The original offices of The San Diego Door, a popular underground newspaper of the 1960s, were located in La Mesa at 7053 University Avenue.

Government

[edit]

City government

[edit]

La Mesa is a general law city which uses a council-manager system of government with a directly elected mayor. The city council consists of a mayor and four councilmembers, all of whom are elected from the city at large and serve four-year terms. The council meets on the second and fourth Tuesday of each month.[3] The current mayor is Mark Arapostathis, who was re-elected in 2018.[43]

State and federal representation

[edit]

In the California State Legislature, La Mesa is in the 39th senatorial district, represented by Democrat Akilah Weber, and in the 79th Assembly district, represented by Democrat LaShae Sharp-Collins.[44]

In the United States House of Representatives, La Mesa is in California's 51st congressional district, represented by Democrat Sara Jacobs.[45]

Education

[edit]

The schools in La Mesa are operated by two districts. The La Mesa-Spring Valley School District operates most of the elementary and middle schools in the city, while the Grossmont Union High School District operates Helix High School and the Gateway day schools.

Elementary schools

[edit]
  • Rolando Elementary School (La Mesa-Spring Valley School District)
  • La Mesa Dale Elementary School (La Mesa-Spring Valley School District)
  • Maryland Avenue Elementary School (La Mesa-Spring Valley School District)
  • RHR DFAF Private Charter School
  • Murdock Elementary School (La Mesa-Spring Valley School District)
  • Murray Manor Elementary School (La Mesa-Spring Valley School District)
  • Northmont Elementary School (La Mesa-Spring Valley School District)
  • Lemon Avenue Elementary School (La Mesa-Spring Valley School District)
  • Vista La Mesa Academy (Lemon Grove School District)
  • Shepherd of the Hills Lutheran School (private, K-8)
  • St. Martin's Academy (private)
  • Liberty Charter School (private)
  • San Diego Jewish Academy (private)
  • Christ Lutheran School (private)
  • Innovation Center La Mesa – Julian Charter School (charter)
  • La Mesa Arts Academy (4th - 8th Grade) - La Mesa-Spring Valley School District

Middle/junior high schools

[edit]
  • Parkway Middle School (La Mesa-Spring Valley School District)
  • La Mesa Arts Academy (4-8 Grade) (LMAAC) (La Mesa-Spring Valley School District)
  • Vista La Mesa Academy (Lemon Grove School District)
  • Shepherd of the Hills Lutheran School (private, K-8)

High schools

[edit]

K–12

[edit]
  • Gateway Community Day (Grossmont Union High School District)
  • Gateway West Community Day (Grossmont Union High School District)
  • Mt. Helix Academy (Private Administration)

Notable people

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "La Mesa Fast Facts". City of La Mesa California. Archived from the original on May 5, 2014. Retrieved June 9, 2014.
  2. ^ "California Cities by Incorporation Date". California Association of Local Agency Formation Commissions. Archived from the original (Word) on November 3, 2014. Retrieved August 25, 2014.
  3. ^ a b "City Council". La Mesa, CA. Retrieved February 19, 2015.
  4. ^ a b c d "Lothian squeaks to victory in razor-thin La Mesa race". San Diego Union-Tribune. December 9, 2022. Retrieved December 14, 2022.
  5. ^ "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 1, 2020.
  6. ^ "La Mesa". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved October 22, 2014.
  7. ^ "La Mesa (city) QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 21, 2022.
  8. ^ Pico, Anthony. "The Kumeyaay Millenium". www.kumeyaay.com/. Kumeyaay.com. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
  9. ^ "Profile for La Mesa, California, CA". ePodunk. Archived from the original on April 1, 2019. Retrieved September 12, 2012.
  10. ^ "City of La Mesa history". Archived from the original on July 6, 2007. Retrieved February 22, 2021.
  11. ^ "History of La Mesa Summary". La Mesa History Center. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
  12. ^ "1907 Collier Park Spring House". www.sohosandiego.org/. Save Our Heritage Organization. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
  13. ^ "La Mesa Fast Facts | La Mesa, CA - Official Website". www.cityoflamesa.us. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
  14. ^ Pura, Anthony (May 30, 2020). "Protest erupts outside La Mesa police station". KGTV. Retrieved January 4, 2021.
  15. ^ Hernandez, David (June 4, 2020). "La Mesa police release body-cam video of controversial arrest". San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved January 4, 2021.
  16. ^ Charles, Niala. "Grandmother Hit in Head With LMPD 'Less Lethal' Projectile Remains in ICU". NBC 7 San Diego. Retrieved January 4, 2021.
  17. ^ "Banks Ablaze, Stores Looted Amid Unrest in La Mesa". NBC 7 San Diego. May 30, 2020. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
  18. ^ "Man sentenced to 16 months in prison for role in La Mesa Chase bank fire". ABC 10 News San Diego KGTV. City News Service. April 5, 2022. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
  19. ^ Alvarado, Kitty; Castillo, Carlos (December 10, 2021). "Ex-La Mesa police officer acquitted of falsifying police report". KPBS Public Media. Retrieved December 16, 2021.
  20. ^ Hope, Heather (December 10, 2021). "Jury finds former La Mesa police officer not guilty of filing a false police report about the arrest of Amaurie Johnson". CBS 8. Retrieved October 15, 2024.
  21. ^ Rodd, Scott; Portela, Katerina (March 17, 2025). "San Diego officers among hundreds in California stripped of their badges under recent law, but large backlog remains". KPBS Public Media. Retrieved March 18, 2025.
  22. ^ "U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access – Station: La Mesa, CA". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 25, 2023.
  23. ^ "NOAA Online Weather Data – NWS San Diego". National Weather Service. Retrieved May 25, 2023.
  24. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved May 15, 2023.
  25. ^ a b c d e "La Mesa city, California; DP1: Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics - 2020 Census of Population and Housing". US Census Bureau. Retrieved May 23, 2025.
  26. ^ "La Mesa city, California; P16: Household Type - 2020 Census of Population and Housing". US Census Bureau. Retrieved May 23, 2025.
  27. ^ "La Mesa city, California; CP02: Comparative Social Characteristics in the United States - 2023 ACS 5-Year Estimates Comparison Profiles". US Census Bureau. Retrieved May 23, 2025.
  28. ^ "La Mesa city, California; DP03: Selected Economic Characteristics - 2023 ACS 5-Year Estimates Comparison Profiles". US Census Bureau. Retrieved May 23, 2025.
  29. ^ "2010 Census Interactive Population Search: CA - La Mesa city". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved July 12, 2014.
  30. ^ Newland, James D. (August 10, 2011). "Proto-Hollywood: 100 Melodramas Were Made In La Mesa 100 Years Ago". Patch Media. Archived from the original on November 20, 2015. Retrieved June 9, 2024.
  31. ^ Johnson, Khari (December 31, 2013). "La Mesa's Cinematic Past Focus of Silent Film Festivity". Patch Media. Archived from the original on October 16, 2015. Retrieved June 9, 2024.
  32. ^ "La Mesa, CA - Official Website - Farmer's Marke". Cityoflamesca.comt. Retrieved February 22, 2021.
  33. ^ "Ruth Sterling". City of La Mesa. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved June 9, 2014.
  34. ^ "Walkway of the Stars | La Mesa, CA - Official Website". Cityoflamesa.us. Retrieved February 22, 2021.
  35. ^ "La Mesa Oktoberfest". lamesaoktoberfest.org. Retrieved June 27, 2023.
  36. ^ "La Mesa Car Show". April 22, 2019.
  37. ^ Pearlman, Karen (May 17, 2013). "Free Sunday concerts in La Mesa on their way". San Diego Union-Tribune.
  38. ^ "Holiday in the Village: A La Mesa Tradition". lamesavillageassociation.org. Retrieved June 27, 2023.
  39. ^ "Trick-or-Treating in La Mesa Village". lamesavillageassociation.org. Retrieved June 27, 2023.
  40. ^ Thomas, Dave (June 23, 2022). "La Mesa is more than welcoming to the LGBTQ+ Community". sdnews.com/. SD News. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
  41. ^ Engstrand, Iris Wilson (2005). San Diego: California's Cornerstone. Sunbelt Publications. p. 172. ISBN 9780932653727.
  42. ^ "Grossmont Center Sold". San Diego Business Journal. August 13, 2021. Retrieved December 28, 2021.
  43. ^ "La Mesa will keep its mayor, but 2 City Council seats are being challenged". San Diego Union-Tribune. October 26, 2018. Retrieved February 22, 2021.
  44. ^ "Elected Representatives - La Mesa, CA - Official Website". Cithy of La Mesa. Retrieved October 14, 2024.
  45. ^ "California's 53rd Congressional District - Representatives & District Map". Civic Impulse, LLC.
  46. ^ Peterson, Karla (August 14, 2020). "San Diego filmmaker brings the apocalypse to the Oceanside International Film Festival". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved January 26, 2022.
  47. ^ Alice, Matthew (July 5, 2001). "Is Dennis Hopper from La Mesa? | San Diego Reader". www.sandiegoreader.com. Retrieved October 13, 2021.
  48. ^ "Jason Phillips Stats, Fantasy & News". MLB.com. Retrieved September 11, 2021.
  49. ^ "Whitney Shay Interview". Travelingboy.com. Retrieved February 22, 2021.
[edit]
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