ISP Data Caps: What You Need to Know

ISP Data Caps: What You Need to Know

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What are ISP Data Caps?


ISP data caps are a topic that many internet users might not think about until they hit a wall, so to speak. IT services in sydney . Basically, a data cap is a limit set by your Internet Service Provider (ISP) on how much data you can use in a given period, usually a month. Once you reach that limit, your ISP might slow down your connection or charge you extra for additional data. Yikes!


Now, you might wonder why ISPs impose these caps in the first place. Well, it's often about managing network traffic and ensuring that everyone gets a fair share of bandwidth. However, it doesnt mean that all ISPs have data caps. Some offer unlimited plans, but those usually come at a higher price. It's a bit of a balancing act between cost and data usage!


Many people don't realize how quickly they can hit these caps. Streaming movies, online gaming, or even just browsing social media can rack up data usage faster than youd think! For instance, streaming in high definition can gobble up several gigabytes per hour. So, if you're a heavy user, you might wanna keep an eye on your consumption. It's not like you want to get hit with overage charges or throttle speeds when you're in the middle of a binge-watch session!


Also, not all ISPs communicate their data caps clearly. You might find yourself in a pickle if you don't read the fine print. So, it's super important to ask questions and understand your plan. In the end, knowing about ISP data caps can save you money and frustration. Who wants to deal with slow internet speeds just because they went over their limit? Definitely not me!

Why Do ISPs Impose Data Caps?


When it comes to internet service providers (ISPs), one of the most debated topics is data caps. So, why do ISPs impose these restrictions? Honestly, its a bit of a mixed bag! First off, it's important to understand that not all ISPs use data caps, but those that do often argue they're necessary for several reasons.


To start, ISPs claim that data caps help manage network traffic. You see, when a lot of users stream videos, play online games, or download huge files at the same time, it can slow down the entire network. By putting a limit on how much data each user can consume, they think they can keep the service running smoothly (or at least that's what they say).


Moreover, there's also the financial aspect. Let's face it, running a network isn't cheap! ISPs have to maintain the infrastructure and keep things up to date. Some argue that by charging for extra data usage, theyre able to invest more in improving their services. But hold on-does that really mean consumers should pay for data they might not even use? It's a tricky situation, and many folks feel it's unfair.


Then there's the issue of competition. In areas where there's not much choice for ISPs, these companies can impose data caps without much worry about losing customers. Who else are you gonna switch to, right? This lack of competition can lead to frustration among users who feel they're being taken advantage of.


On the flip side, many people argue that data caps are outdated, especially in an era where streaming services (like Netflix or Hulu) and online gaming are super popular. I mean, who doesnt love binge-watching their favorite shows? With so much content available, it feels a bit restrictive to have a cap on how much you can enjoy.


In conclusion, while ISPs have their reasons for imposing data caps, it's clear that the topic stirs up a lot of emotions. Whether its about network management, financial considerations, or competition, one thing's for sure-users are looking for more freedom when it comes to their internet usage. After all, nobody wants to be told how much they can enjoy their favorite online activities!

How to Find Your ISPs Data Cap


Alright, so you wanna know how to find out what your ISPs data cap is? Its actually not as tricky as you might think! First things first, its important to remember that not all ISPs have data caps, so you shouldnt assume yours does. If youre not sure, dont worry, there are a few ways to find out.


You could start by checking your monthly billing statement. Sometimes, they toss in a little note about data usage or caps. But hey, lets be real, who reads those things thoroughly? Another option is to call up your ISP directly.

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It might seem a bit daunting, but theyre usually pretty helpful. Just remember to be polite and straightforward about what youre asking for. Oh, and if youre feeling a bit tech-savvy, you can often find this information on your ISPs website. Just search for "data caps" or "usage policies" and see what pops up.


Now, heres a tip: dont ignore the fine print! Sometimes, the data cap information is hidden in the terms and conditions or FAQ sections. And if youre still in the dark after all this, theres always the customer service chat or email. They might take a little while to get back to you, but theyll definitely have the answer.


Oh, and one more thing! Dont forget to ask about any exceptions or special offers they might have. Some ISPs have unlimited data plans or higher caps for certain services, and you wouldnt want to miss out on that, would you? So there you have it. Figuring out your ISPs data cap isnt as hard as it seems, and knowing this information can save you a lot of stress in the long run. Good luck!

What Counts Towards Your Data Usage?


When it comes to understanding ISP data caps, one of the most confusing aspects is what actually counts towards your data usage. Its not always clear, and that can lead to some frustrating surprises at the end of the month! Many folks assume that just browsing the web or checking social media doesnt use much data, but thats not entirely true.


First off, streaming video is a biggie. Services like Netflix or YouTube can chew through your data allowance faster than you might think. Even if youre just watching a few short clips, those little bits add up. Its not uncommon for people to go over their limit after a weekend binge-watching session. And don't even get me started on high-definition content – that can really rack up the numbers!


Then there's online gaming. While many people think gaming doesn't use much data, it actually does. Sure, it's not as much as streaming a movie, but if you're playing for hours, it can definitely contribute to your overall usage. Plus, any updates or downloads for games can also hit your data cap pretty hard without you even realizing it.


File downloads and uploads are another area where folks tend to overlook their impact.

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Whether you're sending large files for work or downloading software updates, those gigabytes can pile up quickly. Even something as simple as backing up photos to the cloud can take a toll on your data.


Lastly, let's not forget about smart devices. If you've got a bunch of smart home gadgets, they're likely using data in the background without you knowing. From security cameras to smart thermostats, these devices can contribute to your monthly cap without you even being aware of it.


In conclusion, it's crucial to keep tabs on all these activities to avoid unexpected charges. You might think you're being careful, but it's easy to go overboard without realizing it. So, keep an eye on how you use your internet, and you'll be much better off!

How to Monitor Your Data Usage


Okay, so youre sweating bullets bout those pesky ISP data caps, right? (I get it, been there!) Well, figuring out how to, like, actually keep an eye on your data usage aint rocket science, I swear.


First off, dont just blindly trust what your ISP says. They might not be entirely accurate. (Gasp!) See if your router has a built-in data usage tracker. Many modern ones do, and its usually pretty straightforward. You just gotta poke around in the settings.


Otherwise, most operating systems, like Windows or macOS, offer some form of built-in monitoring. Check your network settings – youll probably find something showing how much data youve chewed through this month. Theres also tons of third-party apps you could download, but, uh, do your research! Ya dont want any dodgy software sucking up even MORE data, do ya?


Now, it isnt just about knowing HOW much youre using, but WHATS using it. Streaming services (Netflix, Hulu, etc.) are the BIGGEST culprits, no doubt. Lowering the video quality can make a surprisingly large impact. Consider this, if you arent going to use a service, dont have it running. Background updates can also be sneaky data hogs! Set em to only update when youre asleep or something.


Ultimately, staying informed helps. Nobody wants to get slapped with overage fees! Its all about being proactive and not just ignoring the problem until your bill arrives. Good luck!

Tips for Staying Under Your Data Cap


Hey there! So youre trying to stay under your data cap but feeling overwhelmed? Dont worry, I got you! First off, lets talk bout streaming services. Streaming movies and shows in HD can eat up your data like crazy! So, try switching to standard definition when you can. Its not as pretty, but itll save you some juice.


Now, you might think social medias harmless, but those videos and pictures add up! I mean, who doesnt love scrolling through Instagram or TikTok? But try to limit it, or at least be aware of how much data youre using. And hey, if youre downloading apps, make sure theyre not using data in the background. Its like that one friend who always shows up uninvited – you didnt ask for it, but there it is, draining your data.


Emails can be sneaky too. If youve got a lot of attachments, especially videos or high-res photos, those can really add up. Maybe think twice before hitting "download all" on those newsletters with 20 attachments!

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And speaking of attachments, are you using cloud storage services? They can be a lifesaver, but they can also use a ton of data without you realizing it. Maybe switch to local storage for some of those files?


Lastly, keep an eye on your usage. Most ISPs offer some kind of tracking tool where you can see how much data youre using. If you see youre getting close to your limit, its time to take action! Maybe wait until your next data cycle to binge-watch that series youve been dying to see. Or, you know, just be more mindful about your data usage in general.


So, there you have it. Some tips to help you stay under your data cap. Its all about being mindful and making some adjustments here and there. And remember, you dont have to do it all at once. Just take it one day at a time!

What Happens if You Exceed Your Data Cap?


ISP Data Caps: What You Need to Know


So, youre cruising along, binge-watching your favorite show, downloading that huge game update, and suddenly...bam! You get a notification. Youre nearing your data cap. Oh no! But what happens if you actually, like, exceed it? Its a valid question, I mean, not knowing is kinda stressful, right?


Well, it aint pretty, usually. The consequences of blowing past that digital limit vary wildly depending on your internet service provider (ISP). One common scenario? Theyll slap you with overage charges.

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These can be, uh, quite nasty. Think of it as a toll road where every gigabyte beyond your allotted data costs you extra. And these aint small change, folks. (Believe me, Ive been there!) The bills can really add up, especially if youre a frequent data hog.


Another possibility, which honestly isnt much better, is throttling. Your ISP might not charge you extra, but theyll dramatically slow down your internet speed. Imagine trying to watch a video in, like, slow motion. Ugh! Suddenly, everything takes forever to load, and your online experience becomes incredibly frustrating! You wont be doing any gaming, that's for sure!


Some ISPs might offer plans with unlimited data, but they often come with a higher monthly price tag. Its a trade-off, see? Pay more for peace of mind, or risk the overage fees or speed throttling. It sure is a bummer!


Finally, its not impossible, though less common, that your ISP will just cut off your service until the next billing cycle. Yeah, totally rude, right? No internet at all! Thats definitely not ideal, especially if you rely on it for work or school.


So, whats the takeaway? Know your data cap! Monitor your usage. And maybe, just maybe, consider upgrading your plan if you consistently exceed your limit. Avoid those nasty surprises, alright?

Citations and other links

A mindmap of ICTs
Internet history timeline

Early research and development:

Merging the networks and creating the Internet:

Commercialization, privatization, broader access leads to the modern Internet:

Examples of Internet services:

Information and communications technology (ICT) is an extensional term for information technology (IT) that stresses the role of unified communications[1] and the integration of telecommunications (telephone lines and wireless signals) and computers, as well as necessary enterprise software, middleware, storage and audiovisual, that enable users to access, store, transmit, understand and manipulate information.

ICT is also used to refer to the convergence of audiovisuals and telephone networks with computer networks through a single cabling or link system. There are large economic incentives to merge the telephone networks with the computer network system using a single unified system of cabling, signal distribution, and management. ICT is an umbrella term that includes any communication device, encompassing radio, television, cell phones, computer and network hardware, satellite systems and so on, as well as the various services and appliances with them such as video conferencing and distance learning. ICT also includes analog technology, such as paper communication, and any mode that transmits communication.[2]

ICT is a broad subject and the concepts are evolving.[3] It covers any product that will store, retrieve, manipulate, process, transmit, or receive information electronically in a digital form (e.g., personal computers including smartphones, digital television, email, or robots). Skills Framework for the Information Age is one of many models for describing and managing competencies for ICT professionals in the 21st century.[4]

Etymology

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The phrase "information and communication technologies" has been used by academic researchers since the 1980s.[5] The abbreviation "ICT" became popular after it was used in a report to the UK government by Dennis Stevenson in 1997,[6] and then in the revised National Curriculum for England, Wales and Northern Ireland in 2000. However, in 2012, the Royal Society recommended that the use of the term "ICT" should be discontinued in British schools "as it has attracted too many negative connotations".[7] From 2014, the National Curriculum has used the word computing, which reflects the addition of computer programming into the curriculum.[8]

Variations of the phrase have spread worldwide. The United Nations has created a "United Nations Information and Communication Technologies Task Force" and an internal "Office of Information and Communications Technology".[9]

Monetization

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The money spent on IT worldwide has been estimated as US$3.8 trillion[10] in 2017 and has been growing at less than 5% per year since 2009. The estimated 2018 growth of the entire ICT is 5%. The biggest growth of 16% is expected in the area of new technologies (IoT, Robotics, AR/VR, and AI).[11]

The 2014 IT budget of the US federal government was nearly $82 billion.[12] IT costs, as a percentage of corporate revenue, have grown 50% since 2002, putting a strain on IT budgets. When looking at current companies' IT budgets, 75% are recurrent costs, used to "keep the lights on" in the IT department, and 25% are the cost of new initiatives for technology development.[13]

The average IT budget has the following breakdown:[13]

  • 34% personnel costs (internal), 31% after correction
  • 16% software costs (external/purchasing category), 29% after correction
  • 33% hardware costs (external/purchasing category), 26% after correction
  • 17% costs of external service providers (external/services), 14% after correction

The estimated amount of money spent in 2022 is just over US$6 trillion.[14]

Technological capacity

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The world's technological capacity to store information grew from 2.6 (optimally compressed) exabytes in 1986 to 15.8 in 1993, over 54.5 in 2000, and to 295 (optimally compressed) exabytes in 2007, and some 5 zettabytes in 2014.[15][16] This is the informational equivalent to 1.25 stacks of CD-ROM from the earth to the moon in 2007, and the equivalent of 4,500 stacks of printed books from the earth to the sun in 2014. The world's technological capacity to receive information through one-way broadcast networks was 432 exabytes of (optimally compressed) information in 1986, 715 (optimally compressed) exabytes in 1993, 1.2 (optimally compressed) zettabytes in 2000, and 1.9 zettabytes in 2007.[15] The world's effective capacity to exchange information through two-way telecommunication networks was 281 petabytes of (optimally compressed) information in 1986, 471 petabytes in 1993, 2.2 (optimally compressed) exabytes in 2000, 65 (optimally compressed) exabytes in 2007,[15] and some 100 exabytes in 2014.[17] The world's technological capacity to compute information with humanly guided general-purpose computers grew from 3.0 × 10^8 MIPS in 1986, to 6.4 x 10^12 MIPS in 2007.[15]

Sector in the OECD

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The following is a list of OECD countries by share of ICT sector in total value added in 2013.[18]

Rank Country ICT sector in % Relative size
1  South Korea 10.7 10.7
 
2  Japan 7.02 7.02
 
3  Ireland 6.99 6.99
 
4  Sweden 6.82 6.82
 
5  Hungary 6.09 6.09
 
6  United States 5.89 5.89
 
7  India 5.87 5.87
 
8  Czech Republic 5.74 5.74
 
9 Finland 5.60 5.6
 
10  United Kingdom 5.53 5.53
 
11  Estonia 5.33 5.33
 
12  Slovakia 4.87 4.87
 
13  Germany 4.84 4.84
 
14  Luxembourg 4.54 4.54
 
15   Switzerland 4.63 4.63
 
16  France 4.33 4.33
 
17  Slovenia 4.26 4.26
 
18  Denmark 4.06 4.06
 
19  Spain 4.00 4
 
20  Canada 3.86 3.86
 
21  Italy 3.72 3.72
 
22  Belgium 3.72 3.72
 
23  Austria 3.56 3.56
 
24  Portugal 3.43 3.43
 
25  Poland 3.33 3.33
 
26  Norway 3.32 3.32
 
27  Greece 3.31 3.31
 
28  Iceland 2.87 2.87
 
29  Mexico 2.77 2.77
 

ICT Development Index

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The ICT Development Index ranks and compares the level of ICT use and access across the various countries around the world.[19] In 2014 ITU (International Telecommunication Union) released the latest rankings of the IDI, with Denmark attaining the top spot, followed by South Korea. The top 30 countries in the rankings include most high-income countries where the quality of life is higher than average, which includes countries from Europe and other regions such as "Australia, Bahrain, Canada, Japan, Macao (China), New Zealand, Singapore, and the United States; almost all countries surveyed improved their IDI ranking this year."[20]

The WSIS process and development goals

[edit]

On 21 December 2001, the United Nations General Assembly approved Resolution 56/183, endorsing the holding of the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) to discuss the opportunities and challenges facing today's information society.[21] According to this resolution, the General Assembly related the Summit to the United Nations Millennium Declaration's goal of implementing ICT to achieve Millennium Development Goals. It also emphasized a multi-stakeholder approach to achieve these goals, using all stakeholders including civil society and the private sector, in addition to governments.

To help anchor and expand ICT to every habitable part of the world, "2015 is the deadline for achievements of the UN Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which global leaders agreed upon in the year 2000."[22]

In education

[edit]
Today's society shows the ever-growing computer-centric lifestyle, which includes the rapid influx of computers in the modern classroom.

There is evidence that, to be effective in education, ICT must be fully integrated into the pedagogy. Specifically, when teaching literacy and math, using ICT in combination with Writing to Learn[23][24] produces better results than traditional methods alone or ICT alone.[25] The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO), a division of the United Nations, has made integrating ICT into education as part of its efforts to ensure equity and access to education. The following, which was taken directly from a UNESCO publication on educational ICT, explains the organization's position on the initiative.

Information and Communication Technology can contribute to universal access to education, equity in education, the delivery of quality learning and teaching, teachers' professional development and more efficient education management, governance, and administration. UNESCO takes a holistic and comprehensive approach to promote ICT in education. Access, inclusion, and quality are among the main challenges they can address. The Organization's Intersectoral Platform for ICT in education focuses on these issues through the joint work of three of its sectors: Communication & Information, Education and Science.[26]

OLPC Laptops at school in Rwanda

Despite the power of computers to enhance and reform teaching and learning practices, improper implementation is a widespread issue beyond the reach of increased funding and technological advances with little evidence that teachers and tutors are properly integrating ICT into everyday learning.[27] Intrinsic barriers such as a belief in more traditional teaching practices and individual attitudes towards computers in education as well as the teachers own comfort with computers and their ability to use them all as result in varying effectiveness in the integration of ICT in the classroom.[28]

Mobile learning for refugees

[edit]

School environments play an important role in facilitating language learning. However, language and literacy barriers are obstacles preventing refugees from accessing and attending school, especially outside camp settings.[29]

Mobile-assisted language learning apps are key tools for language learning. Mobile solutions can provide support for refugees' language and literacy challenges in three main areas: literacy development, foreign language learning and translations. Mobile technology is relevant because communicative practice is a key asset for refugees and immigrants as they immerse themselves in a new language and a new society. Well-designed mobile language learning activities connect refugees with mainstream cultures, helping them learn in authentic contexts.[29]

Developing countries

[edit]

Africa

[edit]
A computer screen at the front of a room of policymakers shows the Mobile Learning Week logo
Representatives meet for a policy forum on M-Learning at UNESCO's Mobile Learning Week in March 2017.

ICT has been employed as an educational enhancement in Sub-Saharan Africa since the 1960s. Beginning with television and radio, it extended the reach of education from the classroom to the living room, and to geographical areas that had been beyond the reach of the traditional classroom. As the technology evolved and became more widely used, efforts in Sub-Saharan Africa were also expanded. In the 1990s a massive effort to push computer hardware and software into schools was undertaken, with the goal of familiarizing both students and teachers with computers in the classroom. Since then, multiple projects have endeavoured to continue the expansion of ICT's reach in the region, including the One Laptop Per Child (OLPC) project, which by 2015 had distributed over 2.4 million laptops to nearly two million students and teachers.[30]

The inclusion of ICT in the classroom, often referred to as M-Learning, has expanded the reach of educators and improved their ability to track student progress in Sub-Saharan Africa. In particular, the mobile phone has been most important in this effort. Mobile phone use is widespread, and mobile networks cover a wider area than internet networks in the region. The devices are familiar to student, teacher, and parent, and allow increased communication and access to educational materials. In addition to benefits for students, M-learning also offers the opportunity for better teacher training, which leads to a more consistent curriculum across the educational service area. In 2011, UNESCO started a yearly symposium called Mobile Learning Week with the purpose of gathering stakeholders to discuss the M-learning initiative.[30]

Implementation is not without its challenges. While mobile phone and internet use are increasing much more rapidly in Sub-Saharan Africa than in other developing countries, the progress is still slow compared to the rest of the developed world, with smartphone penetration only expected to reach 20% by 2017.[30] Additionally, there are gender, social, and geo-political barriers to educational access, and the severity of these barriers vary greatly by country. Overall, 29.6 million children in Sub-Saharan Africa were not in school in the year 2012, owing not just to the geographical divide, but also to political instability, the importance of social origins, social structure, and gender inequality. Once in school, students also face barriers to quality education, such as teacher competency, training and preparedness, access to educational materials, and lack of information management.[30]

Growth in modern society and developing countries

[edit]

In modern society, ICT is ever-present, with over three billion people having access to the Internet.[31] With approximately 8 out of 10 Internet users owning a smartphone, information and data are increasing by leaps and bounds.[32] This rapid growth, especially in developing countries, has led ICT to become a keystone of everyday life, in which life without some facet of technology renders most of clerical, work and routine tasks dysfunctional.

The most recent authoritative data, released in 2014, shows "that Internet use continues to grow steadily, at 6.6% globally in 2014 (3.3% in developed countries, 8.7% in the developing world); the number of Internet users in developing countries has doubled in five years (2009–2014), with two-thirds of all people online now living in the developing world."[20]

Limitations

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However, hurdles are still large. "Of the 4.3 billion people not yet using the Internet, 90% live in developing countries. In the world's 42 Least Connected Countries (LCCs), which are home to 2.5 billion people, access to ICTs remains largely out of reach, particularly for these countries' large rural populations."[33] ICT has yet to penetrate the remote areas of some countries, with many developing countries dearth of any type of Internet. This also includes the availability of telephone lines, particularly the availability of cellular coverage, and other forms of electronic transmission of data. The latest "Measuring the Information Society Report" cautiously stated that the increase in the aforementioned cellular data coverage is ostensible, as "many users have multiple subscriptions, with global growth figures sometimes translating into little real improvement in the level of connectivity of those at the very bottom of the pyramid; an estimated 450 million people worldwide live in places which are still out of reach of mobile cellular service."[31]

Favourably, the gap between the access to the Internet and mobile coverage has decreased substantially in the last fifteen years, in which "2015 was the deadline for achievements of the UN Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which global leaders agreed upon in the year 2000, and the new data show ICT progress and highlight remaining gaps."[22] ICT continues to take on a new form, with nanotechnology set to usher in a new wave of ICT electronics and gadgets. ICT newest editions into the modern electronic world include smartwatches, such as the Apple Watch, smart wristbands such as the Nike+ FuelBand, and smart TVs such as Google TV. With desktops soon becoming part of a bygone era, and laptops becoming the preferred method of computing, ICT continues to insinuate and alter itself in the ever-changing globe.

Information communication technologies play a role in facilitating accelerated pluralism in new social movements today. The internet according to Bruce Bimber is "accelerating the process of issue group formation and action"[34] and coined the term accelerated pluralism to explain this new phenomena. ICTs are tools for "enabling social movement leaders and empowering dictators"[35] in effect promoting societal change. ICTs can be used to garner grassroots support for a cause due to the internet allowing for political discourse and direct interventions with state policy[36] as well as change the way complaints from the populace are handled by governments. Furthermore, ICTs in a household are associated with women rejecting justifications for intimate partner violence. According to a study published in 2017, this is likely because "access to ICTs exposes women to different ways of life and different notions about women's role in society and the household, especially in culturally conservative regions where traditional gender expectations contrast observed alternatives."[37]

In health care

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In science

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Applications of ICTs in science, research and development, and academia include:

Models of access

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Scholar Mark Warschauer defines a "models of access" framework for analyzing ICT accessibility. In the second chapter of his book, Technology and Social Inclusion: Rethinking the Digital Divide, he describes three models of access to ICTs: devices, conduits, and literacy.[40] Devices and conduits are the most common descriptors for access to ICTs, but they are insufficient for meaningful access to ICTs without third model of access, literacy.[40] Combined, these three models roughly incorporate all twelve of the criteria of "Real Access" to ICT use, conceptualized by a non-profit organization called Bridges.org in 2005:[41]

  1. Physical access to technology
  2. Appropriateness of technology
  3. Affordability of technology and technology use
  4. Human capacity and training
  5. Locally relevant content, applications, and services
  6. Integration into daily routines
  7. Socio-cultural factors
  8. Trust in technology
  9. Local economic environment
  10. Macro-economic environment
  11. Legal and regulatory framework
  12. Political will and public support

Devices

[edit]

The most straightforward model of access for ICT in Mark Warschauer's theory is devices.[40] In this model, access is defined most simply as the ownership of a device such as a phone or computer.[40] Warschauer identifies many flaws with this model, including its inability to account for additional costs of ownership such as software, access to telecommunications, knowledge gaps surrounding computer use, and the role of government regulation in some countries.[40] Therefore, Warschauer argues that considering only devices understates the magnitude of digital inequality. For example, the Pew Research Center notes that 96% of Americans own a smartphone,[42] although most scholars in this field would contend that comprehensive access to ICT in the United States is likely much lower than that.

Conduits

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A conduit requires a connection to a supply line, which for ICT could be a telephone line or Internet line. Accessing the supply requires investment in the proper infrastructure from a commercial company or local government and recurring payments from the user once the line is set up. For this reason, conduits usually divide people based on their geographic locations. As a Pew Research Center poll reports, Americans in rural areas are 12% less likely to have broadband access than other Americans, thereby making them less likely to own the devices.[43] Additionally, these costs can be prohibitive to lower-income families accessing ICTs. These difficulties have led to a shift toward mobile technology; fewer people are purchasing broadband connection and are instead relying on their smartphones for Internet access, which can be found for free at public places such as libraries.[44] Indeed, smartphones are on the rise, with 37% of Americans using smartphones as their primary medium for internet access[44] and 96% of Americans owning a smartphone.[42]

Literacy

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Youth and adults with ICT skills, 2017

In 1981, Sylvia Scribner and Michael Cole studied a tribe in Liberia, the Vai people, who have their own local script. Since about half of those literate in Vai have never had formal schooling, Scribner and Cole were able to test more than 1,000 subjects to measure the mental capabilities of literates over non-literates.[45] This research, which they laid out in their book The Psychology of Literacy,[45] allowed them to study whether the literacy divide exists at the individual level. Warschauer applied their literacy research to ICT literacy as part of his model of ICT access.

Scribner and Cole found no generalizable cognitive benefits from Vai literacy; instead, individual differences on cognitive tasks were due to other factors, like schooling or living environment.[45] The results suggested that there is "no single construct of literacy that divides people into two cognitive camps; [...] rather, there are gradations and types of literacies, with a range of benefits closely related to the specific functions of literacy practices."[40] Furthermore, literacy and social development are intertwined, and the literacy divide does not exist on the individual level.

Warschauer draws on Scribner and Cole's research to argue that ICT literacy functions similarly to literacy acquisition, as they both require resources rather than a narrow cognitive skill. Conclusions about literacy serve as the basis for a theory of the digital divide and ICT access, as detailed below:

There is not just one type of ICT access, but many types. The meaning and value of access varies in particular social contexts. Access exists in gradations rather than in a bipolar opposition. Computer and Internet use brings no automatic benefit outside of its particular functions. ICT use is a social practice, involving access to physical artifacts, content, skills, and social support. And acquisition of ICT access is a matter not only of education but also of power.[40]

Therefore, Warschauer concludes that access to ICT cannot rest on devices or conduits alone; it must also engage physical, digital, human, and social resources.[40] Each of these categories of resources have iterative relations with ICT use. If ICT is used well, it can promote these resources, but if it is used poorly, it can contribute to a cycle of underdevelopment and exclusion.[45]

Environmental impact

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Progress during the century

[edit]

In the early 21st century a rapid development of ICT services and electronical devices took place, in which the internet servers multiplied by a factor of 1000 to 395 million and its still increasing. This increase can be explained by Moore's law, which states, that the development of ICT increases every year by 16–20%, so it will double in numbers every four to five years.[46] Alongside this development and the high investments in increasing demand for ICT capable products, a high environmental impact came with it. Software and Hardware development as well as production causing already in 2008 the same amount of CO2 emissions as global air travels.[46]

There are two sides of ICT, the positive environmental possibilities and the shadow side. On the positive side, studies proved, that for instance in the OECD countries a reduction of 0.235% energy use is caused by an increase in ICT capital by 1%.[47] On the other side the more digitization is happening, the more energy is consumed, that means for OECD countries 1% increase in internet users causes a raise of 0.026% electricity consumption per capita and for emerging countries the impact is more than 4 times as high.

Currently the scientific forecasts are showing an increase up to 30700 TWh in 2030 which is 20 times more than it was in 2010.[47]

Implication

[edit]

To tackle the environmental issues of ICT, the EU commission plans proper monitoring and reporting of the GHG emissions of different ICT platforms, countries and infrastructure in general. Further the establishment of international norms for reporting and compliance are promoted to foster transparency in this sector.[48]

Moreover it is suggested by scientists to make more ICT investments to exploit the potentials of ICT to alleviate CO2 emissions in general, and to implement a more effective coordination of ICT, energy and growth policies.[49] Consequently, applying the principle of the coase theorem makes sense. It recommends to make investments there, where the marginal avoidance costs of emissions are the lowest, therefore in the developing countries with comparatively lower technological standards and policies as high-tech countries. With these measures, ICT can reduce environmental damage from economic growth and energy consumption by facilitating communication and infrastructure.

In problem-solving

[edit]

ICTs could also be used to address environmental issues, including climate change, in various ways, including ways beyond education.[50][51][52]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Murray, James (2011-12-18). "Cloud network architecture and ICT - Modern Network Architecture". TechTarget =ITKnowledgeExchange. Archived from the original on 2017-09-20. Retrieved 2013-08-18.
  2. ^ Ozdamli, Fezile; Ozdal, Hasan (May 2015). "Life-long Learning Competence Perceptions of the Teachers and Abilities in Using Information-Communication .Technologies". Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. 182: 718–725. doi:10.1016/j.access=free.
  3. ^ "ICT - What is it?". www.tutor2u.net. Archived from the original on 2015-11-02. Retrieved 2015-09-01.
  4. ^ "IEEE-CS Adopts Skills Framework for the Information Age • IEEE Computer Society". www.computer.org. Retrieved 14 March 2018.[dead link]
  5. ^ William Melody et al., Information and Communication Technologies: Social Sciences Research and Training: A Report by the ESRC Programme on Information and Communication Technologies, ISBN 0-86226-179-1, 1986. Roger Silverstone et al., "Listening to a long conversation: an ethnographic approach to the study of information and communication technologies in the home", Cultural Studies, 5(2), pages 204–227, 1991.
  6. ^ The Independent ICT in Schools Commission, Information and Communications Technology in UK Schools: An Independent Inquiry, 1997. Impact noted in Jim Kelly, What the Web is Doing for Schools Archived 2011-07-11 at the Wayback Machine, Financial Times, 2000.
  7. ^ "Shut down or restart? The way forward for computing in UK schools" (PDF). Royal Society. January 2012. p. 18. Retrieved 2024-12-14.
  8. ^ Department for Education, "National curriculum in England: computing programmes of study".
  9. ^ United Nations Office of Information and Communications Technology, About Archived 2018-02-04 at the Wayback Machine
  10. ^ "IDC - Global ICT Spending - 2018 - $3.8T". IDC: The premier global market intelligence company. Retrieved 2018-09-24.
  11. ^ "IDC - Global ICT Spending - Forecast 2018 – 2022". IDC: The premier global market intelligence company. Retrieved 2018-09-24.
  12. ^ "Federal Information Technology FY2014 Budget Priorities" (PDF). obamawhitehouse.archives.gov.
  13. ^ a b "IT Costs – The Costs, Growth And Financial Risk Of Software Assets". OMT-CO Operations Management Technology Consulting GmbH. Archived from the original on 12 August 2013. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
  14. ^ "IDC - Global ICT Spending - Forecast 2018 – 2022". IDC: The premier global market intelligence company. Retrieved 2018-09-24.
  15. ^ a b c d "The World's Technological Capacity to Store, Communicate, and Compute Information", Martin Hilbert and Priscila López (2011), Science, 332(6025), 60–65; see also "free access to the study" and "video animation".
  16. ^ Gillings, Michael R; Hilbert, Martin; Kemp, Darrell J (2016). "Information in the Biosphere: Biological and Digital Worlds". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 31 (3): 180–189. Bibcode:2016TEcoE..31..180G. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2015.12.013. PMID 26777788. S2CID 3561873.
  17. ^ Hilbert, Martin (2016). "The bad news is that the digital access divide is here to stay: Domestically installed bandwidths among 172 countries for 1986–2014". Telecommunications Policy. 40 (6): 567–581. doi:10.1016/j.telpol.2016.01.006.
  18. ^ Figure 1.9 Share of ICT sector in total value added, 2013, doi:10.1787/888933224163
  19. ^ "Measuring the Information Society" (PDF). International Telecommunication Union. 2011. Retrieved 25 July 2013.
  20. ^ a b "ITU releases annual global ICT data and ICT Development Index country ranking - librarylearningspace.com". 2014-11-30. Retrieved 2015-09-01.
  21. ^ "Basic information : about was". International Telecommunication Union. 17 January 2006. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
  22. ^ a b "ICT Facts and Figures – The world in 2015". ITU. Retrieved 2015-09-01.
  23. ^ "What is Writing to Learn, WAC Clearinghouse".
  24. ^ "Evidence for How Writing Can Improve Reading, Carnegie.Org 2010" (PDF).
  25. ^ Genlott, Annika Agélii; Grönlund, Åke (August 2016). "Closing the gaps – Improving literacy and mathematics by ict-enhanced collaboration". Computers & Education. 99: 68–80. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2016.04.004.
  26. ^ "ICT in Education". Unesco. Retrieved 10 March 2016.
  27. ^ Birt, Jacqueline; Safari, Maryam; de Castro, Vincent Bicudo (2023-03-20). "Critical analysis of integration of ICT and data analytics into the accounting curriculum: A multidimensional perspective". Accounting & Finance. 63 (4): 4037–4063. doi:10.1111/acfi.13084. ISSN 0810-5391. S2CID 257675501.
  28. ^ Blackwell, C.K., Lauricella, A.R. and Wartella, E., 2014. Factors influencing digital technology use in early childhood education. Computers & Education, 77, pp.82-90.
  29. ^ a b UNESCO (2018). A Lifeline to learning: leveraging mobile technology to support education for refugees. UNESCO. ISBN 978-92-3-100262-5.
  30. ^ a b c d Agence Française de Développement (February 2015). "Digital services for education in Africa" (PDF). unesco.org. Retrieved 19 May 2018.
  31. ^ a b "ITU releases annual global ICT data and ICT Development Index country rankings". www.itu.int. Retrieved 2015-09-01.
  32. ^ "Survey: 1 In 6 Internet Users Own A Smartwatch Or Fitness Tracker". ARC. Retrieved 2015-09-01.
  33. ^ "ITU releases annual global ICT data and ICT Development Index country rankings". www.itu.int. Retrieved 2015-09-01.
  34. ^ Bimber, Bruce (1998-01-01). "The Internet and Political Transformation: Populism, Community, and Accelerated Pluralism". Polity. 31 (1): 133–160. doi:10.2307/3235370. JSTOR 3235370. S2CID 145159285.
  35. ^ Hussain, Muzammil M.; Howard, Philip N. (2013-03-01). "What Best Explains Successful Protest Cascades? ICTs and the Fuzzy Causes of the Arab Spring". International Studies Review. 15 (1): 48–66. doi:10.1111/misr.12020. hdl:2027.42/97489. ISSN 1521-9488.
  36. ^ Kirsh, David (2001). "The Context of Work". Human Computer Interaction. 16 (2–4): 305–322. doi:10.1207/S15327051HCI16234_12. S2CID 28915179.
  37. ^ Cardoso LG, Sorenson SB. Violence against women and household ownership of radios, computers, and phones in 20 countries. American Journal of Public Health. 2017; 107(7):1175–1181.
  38. ^ Novak, Matt. "Telemedicine Predicted in 1925". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 27 January 2022.
  39. ^ Albritton, Jordan; Ortiz, Alexa; Wines, Roberta; Booth, Graham; DiBello, Michael; Brown, Stephen; Gartlehner, Gerald; Crotty, Karen (7 December 2021). "Video Teleconferencing for Disease Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment" (PDF). Annals of Internal Medicine. 175 (2): 256–266. doi:10.7326/m21-3511. ISSN 0003-4819. PMID 34871056. S2CID 244923066.
  40. ^ a b c d e f g h Warschauer, Mark (2004). Technology and Social Inclusion. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. pp. 39–49. ISBN 0-262-23224-3.
  41. ^ "The Real Access / Real Impact framework for improving the way that ICT is used in development" (PDF). 26 December 2005.
  42. ^ a b "Mobile Fact Sheet". Pew Research Center. 13 November 2024.
  43. ^ Perrin, Andrew (19 August 2021). "Digital gap between rural and nonrural America persists". Pew Research Center.
  44. ^ a b Anderson, Monica (13 June 2019). "Mobile Technology and Home Broadband 2019". Pew Research Center.
  45. ^ a b c d Scribner and Cole, Sylvia and Michael (1981). The Psychology of Literacy. ISBN 9780674433014.
  46. ^ a b Gerhard, Fettweis; Zimmermann, Ernesto (2008). "ITC Energy Consumption - Trends and Challenges". The 11th International Symposium on Wireless Personal Multimedia Communications (WPMC 2008) – via ResearchGate.
  47. ^ a b Lange, Steffen; Pohl, Johanna; Santarius, Tilman (2020-10-01). "Digitalization and energy consumption. Does ICT reduce energy demand?". Ecological Economics. 176: 106760. Bibcode:2020EcoEc.17606760L. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2020.106760. ISSN 0921-8009. S2CID 224947774.
  48. ^ "Rolling Plan for ICT standardization 2021". Joinup. European Commission. 2021. Retrieved 2022-01-08.
  49. ^ Lu, Wen-Cheng (2018-12-01). "The impacts of information and communication technology, energy consumption, financial development, and economic growth on carbon dioxide emissions in 12 Asian countries". Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change. 23 (8): 1351–1365. Bibcode:2018MASGC..23.1351L. doi:10.1007/s11027-018-9787-y. ISSN 1573-1596. S2CID 158412820.
  50. ^ Fox, Evan Michael (2019). "Mobile Technology: A Tool to Increase Global Competency Among Higher Education Students". The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning. 20 (2). doi:10.19173/irrodl.v20i2.3961. ISSN 1492-3831. S2CID 242492985.
  51. ^ "Digitalisation for a circular economy: A driver for European Green Deal". EPC. Archived from the original on Oct 8, 2023.
  52. ^ Charfeddine, Lanouar; Umlai, Mohamed (2023). "ICT sector, digitization and environmental sustainability: A systematic review of the literature from 2000 to 2022". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 184: 113482. Bibcode:2023RSERv.18413482C. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2023.113482.

Sources

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Further reading

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[edit]

 

 

A computer lab contains a wide range of information technology elements, including hardware, software and storage systems.

Information technology (IT) is a set of related fields within information and communications technology (ICT), that encompass computer systems, software, programming languages, data and information processing, and storage. Information technology is an application of computer science and computer engineering.

The term is commonly used as a synonym for computers and computer networks, but it also encompasses other information distribution technologies such as television and telephones. Several products or services within an economy are associated with information technology, including computer hardware, software, electronics, semiconductors, internet, telecom equipment, and e-commerce.[1][a]

An information technology system (IT system) is generally an information system, a communications system, or, more specifically speaking, a computer system — including all hardware, software, and peripheral equipment — operated by a limited group of IT users, and an IT project usually refers to the commissioning and implementation of an IT system.[3] IT systems play a vital role in facilitating efficient data management, enhancing communication networks, and supporting organizational processes across various industries. Successful IT projects require meticulous planning and ongoing maintenance to ensure optimal functionality and alignment with organizational objectives.[4]

Although humans have been storing, retrieving, manipulating, analysing and communicating information since the earliest writing systems were developed,[5] the term information technology in its modern sense first appeared in a 1958 article published in the Harvard Business Review; authors Harold J. Leavitt and Thomas L. Whisler commented that "the new technology does not yet have a single established name. We shall call it information technology (IT)."[6] Their definition consists of three categories: techniques for processing, the application of statistical and mathematical methods to decision-making, and the simulation of higher-order thinking through computer programs.[6]

History

[edit]
Antikythera mechanism, considered the first mechanical analog computer, dating back to the first century BC.

Based on the storage and processing technologies employed, it is possible to distinguish four distinct phases of IT development: pre-mechanical (3000 BC – 1450 AD), mechanical (1450 – 1840), electromechanical (1840 – 1940), and electronic (1940 to present).[5]

Ideas of computer science were first mentioned before the 1950s under the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University, where they had discussed and began thinking of computer circuits and numerical calculations. As time went on, the field of information technology and computer science became more complex and was able to handle the processing of more data. Scholarly articles began to be published from different organizations.[7]

During the early computing, Alan Turing, J. Presper Eckert, and John Mauchly were considered some of the major pioneers of computer technology in the mid-1900s. Giving them such credit for their developments, most of their efforts were focused on designing the first digital computer. Along with that, topics such as artificial intelligence began to be brought up as Turing was beginning to question such technology of the time period.[8]

Devices have been used to aid computation for thousands of years, probably initially in the form of a tally stick.[9] The Antikythera mechanism, dating from about the beginning of the first century BC, is generally considered the earliest known mechanical analog computer, and the earliest known geared mechanism.[10] Comparable geared devices did not emerge in Europe until the 16th century, and it was not until 1645 that the first mechanical calculator capable of performing the four basic arithmetical operations was developed.[11]

Zuse Z3 replica on display at Deutsches Museum in Munich. The Zuse Z3 is the first programmable computer.

Electronic computers, using either relays or valves, began to appear in the early 1940s. The electromechanical Zuse Z3, completed in 1941, was the world's first programmable computer, and by modern standards one of the first machines that could be considered a complete computing machine. During the Second World War, Colossus developed the first electronic digital computer to decrypt German messages. Although it was programmable, it was not general-purpose, being designed to perform only a single task. It also lacked the ability to store its program in memory; programming was carried out using plugs and switches to alter the internal wiring.[12] The first recognizably modern electronic digital stored-program computer was the Manchester Baby, which ran its first program on 21 June 1948.[13]

The development of transistors in the late 1940s at Bell Laboratories allowed a new generation of computers to be designed with greatly reduced power consumption. The first commercially available stored-program computer, the Ferranti Mark I, contained 4050 valves and had a power consumption of 25 kilowatts. By comparison, the first transistorized computer developed at the University of Manchester and operational by November 1953, consumed only 150 watts in its final version.[14]

Several other breakthroughs in semiconductor technology include the integrated circuit (IC) invented by Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments and Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor in 1959, silicon dioxide surface passivation by Carl Frosch and Lincoln Derick in 1955,[15] the first planar silicon dioxide transistors by Frosch and Derick in 1957,[16] the MOSFET demonstration by a Bell Labs team,[17][18][19][20] the planar process by Jean Hoerni in 1959,[21][22][23] and the microprocessor invented by Ted Hoff, Federico Faggin, Masatoshi Shima, and Stanley Mazor at Intel in 1971. These important inventions led to the development of the personal computer (PC) in the 1970s, and the emergence of information and communications technology (ICT).[24]

By 1984, according to the National Westminster Bank Quarterly Review, the term information technology had been redefined as "the convergence of telecommunications and computing technology (...generally known in Britain as information technology)." We then begin to see the appearance of the term in 1990 contained within documents for the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).[25]

Innovations in technology have already revolutionized the world by the twenty-first century as people have gained access to different online services. This has changed the workforce drastically as thirty percent of U.S. workers were already in careers in this profession. 136.9 million people were personally connected to the Internet, which was equivalent to 51 million households.[26] Along with the Internet, new types of technology were also being introduced across the globe, which has improved efficiency and made things easier across the globe.

As technology revolutionized society, millions of processes could be completed in seconds. Innovations in communication were crucial as people increasingly relied on computers to communicate via telephone lines and cable networks. The introduction of the email was considered revolutionary as "companies in one part of the world could communicate by e-mail with suppliers and buyers in another part of the world...".[27]

Not only personally, computers and technology have also revolutionized the marketing industry, resulting in more buyers of their products. In 2002, Americans exceeded $28 billion in goods just over the Internet alone while e-commerce a decade later resulted in $289 billion in sales.[27] And as computers are rapidly becoming more sophisticated by the day, they are becoming more used as people are becoming more reliant on them during the twenty-first century.

 

Data processing

[edit]
Ferranti Mark I computer logic board

Electronic data processing or business information processing can refer to the use of automated methods to process commercial data. Typically, this uses relatively simple, repetitive activities to process large volumes of similar information. For example: stock updates applied to an inventory, banking transactions applied to account and customer master files, booking and ticketing transactions to an airline's reservation system, billing for utility services. The modifier "electronic" or "automatic" was used with "data processing" (DP), especially c. 1960, to distinguish human clerical data processing from that done by computer.[28][29]

Storage

[edit]
Punched tapes were used in early computers to store and represent data.

Early electronic computers such as Colossus made use of punched tape, a long strip of paper on which data was represented by a series of holes, a technology now obsolete.[30] Electronic data storage, which is used in modern computers, dates from World War II, when a form of delay-line memory was developed to remove the clutter from radar signals, the first practical application of which was the mercury delay line.[31] The first random-access digital storage device was the Williams tube, which was based on a standard cathode ray tube.[32] However, the information stored in it and delay-line memory was volatile in the fact that it had to be continuously refreshed, and thus was lost once power was removed. The earliest form of non-volatile computer storage was the magnetic drum, invented in 1932[33] and used in the Ferranti Mark 1, the world's first commercially available general-purpose electronic computer.[34]

IBM card storage warehouse located in Alexandria, Virginia in 1959. This is where the United States government kept storage of punched cards.

IBM introduced the first hard disk drive in 1956, as a component of their 305 RAMAC computer system.[35]: 6  Most digital data today is still stored magnetically on hard disks, or optically on media such as CD-ROMs.[36]: 4–5  Until 2002 most information was stored on analog devices, but that year digital storage capacity exceeded analog for the first time. As of 2007, almost 94% of the data stored worldwide was held digitally:[37] 52% on hard disks, 28% on optical devices, and 11% on digital magnetic tape. It has been estimated that the worldwide capacity to store information on electronic devices grew from less than 3 exabytes in 1986 to 295 exabytes in 2007,[38] doubling roughly every 3 years.[39]

Databases

[edit]

Database Management Systems (DMS) emerged in the 1960s to address the problem of storing and retrieving large amounts of data accurately and quickly. An early such system was IBM's Information Management System (IMS),[40] which is still widely deployed more than 50 years later.[41] IMS stores data hierarchically,[40] but in the 1970s Ted Codd proposed an alternative relational storage model based on set theory and predicate logic and the familiar concepts of tables, rows, and columns. In 1981, the first commercially available relational database management system (RDBMS) was released by Oracle.[42]

All DMS consist of components; they allow the data they store to be accessed simultaneously by many users while maintaining its integrity.[43] All databases are common in one point that the structure of the data they contain is defined and stored separately from the data itself, in a database schema.[40]

In the late 2000s (decade), the extensible markup language (XML) has become a popular format for data representation. Although XML data can be stored in normal file systems, it is commonly held in relational databases to take advantage of their "robust implementation verified by years of both theoretical and practical effort."[44] As an evolution of the Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML), XML's text-based structure offers the advantage of being both machine- and human-readable.[45]

 

Transmission

[edit]
Radio towers at Pine Hill lookout

Data transmission has three aspects: transmission, propagation, and reception.[46] It can be broadly categorized as broadcasting, in which information is transmitted unidirectionally downstream, or telecommunications, with bidirectional upstream and downstream channels.[38]

XML has been increasingly employed as a means of data interchange since the early 2000s,[47] particularly for machine-oriented interactions such as those involved in web-oriented protocols such as SOAP,[45] describing "data-in-transit rather than... data-at-rest".[47]

Manipulation

[edit]

Hilbert and Lopez identify the exponential pace of technological change (a kind of Moore's law): machines' application-specific capacity to compute information per capita roughly doubled every 14 months between 1986 and 2007; the per capita capacity of the world's general-purpose computers doubled every 18 months during the same two decades; the global telecommunication capacity per capita doubled every 34 months; the world's storage capacity per capita required roughly 40 months to double (every 3 years); and per capita broadcast information has doubled every 12.3 years.[38]

Massive amounts of data are stored worldwide every day, but unless it can be analyzed and presented effectively it essentially resides in what have been called data tombs: "data archives that are seldom visited".[48] To address that issue, the field of data mining — "the process of discovering interesting patterns and knowledge from large amounts of data"[49] — emerged in the late 1980s.[50]

 

Services

[edit]

Email

[edit]
A woman sending an email at an internet cafe's public computer.

The technology and services IT provides for sending and receiving electronic messages (called "letters" or "electronic letters") over a distributed (including global) computer network. In terms of the composition of elements and the principle of operation, electronic mail practically repeats the system of regular (paper) mail, borrowing both terms (mail, letter, envelope, attachment, box, delivery, and others) and characteristic features — ease of use, message transmission delays, sufficient reliability and at the same time no guarantee of delivery. The advantages of e-mail are: easily perceived and remembered by a person addresses of the form user_name@domain_name (for example, somebody@example.com); the ability to transfer both plain text and formatted, as well as arbitrary files; independence of servers (in the general case, they address each other directly); sufficiently high reliability of message delivery; ease of use by humans and programs.

The disadvantages of e-mail include: the presence of such a phenomenon as spam (massive advertising and viral mailings); the theoretical impossibility of guaranteed delivery of a particular letter; possible delays in message delivery (up to several days); limits on the size of one message and on the total size of messages in the mailbox (personal for users).

Search system

[edit]

A search system is software and hardware complex with a web interface that provides the ability to look for information on the Internet. A search engine usually means a site that hosts the interface (front-end) of the system. The software part of a search engine is a search engine (search engine) — a set of programs that provides the functionality of a search engine and is usually a trade secret of the search engine developer company. Most search engines look for information on World Wide Web sites, but there are also systems that can look for files on FTP servers, items in online stores, and information on Usenet newsgroups. Improving search is one of the priorities of the modern Internet (see the Deep Web article about the main problems in the work of search engines).

Commercial effects

[edit]

Companies in the information technology field are often discussed as a group as the "tech sector" or the "tech industry."[51][52][53] These titles can be misleading at times and should not be mistaken for "tech companies," which are generally large scale, for-profit corporations that sell consumer technology and software. From a business perspective, information technology departments are a "cost center" the majority of the time. A cost center is a department or staff which incurs expenses, or "costs," within a company rather than generating profits or revenue streams. Modern businesses rely heavily on technology for their day-to-day operations, so the expenses delegated to cover technology that facilitates business in a more efficient manner are usually seen as "just the cost of doing business." IT departments are allocated funds by senior leadership and must attempt to achieve the desired deliverables while staying within that budget. Government and the private sector might have different funding mechanisms, but the principles are more or less the same. This is an often overlooked reason for the rapid interest in automation and artificial intelligence, but the constant pressure to do more with less is opening the door for automation to take control of at least some minor operations in large companies.

Many companies now have IT departments for managing the computers, networks, and other technical areas of their businesses. Companies have also sought to integrate IT with business outcomes and decision-making through a BizOps or business operations department.[54]

In a business context, the Information Technology Association of America has defined information technology as "the study, design, development, application, implementation, support, or management of computer-based information systems".[55][page needed] The responsibilities of those working in the field include network administration, software development and installation, and the planning and management of an organization's technology life cycle, by which hardware and software are maintained, upgraded, and replaced.

Information services

[edit]

Information services is a term somewhat loosely applied to a variety of IT-related services offered by commercial companies,[56][57][58] as well as data brokers.

Ethics

[edit]

The field of information ethics was established by mathematician Norbert Wiener in the 1940s.[60]: 9  Some of the ethical issues associated with the use of information technology include:[61]: 20–21 

  • Breaches of copyright by those downloading files stored without the permission of the copyright holders
  • Employers monitoring their employees' emails and other Internet usage
  • Unsolicited emails
  • Hackers accessing online databases
  • Web sites installing cookies or spyware to monitor a user's online activities, which may be used by data brokers

IT projects

[edit]

Research suggests that IT projects in business and public administration can easily become significant in scale. Research conducted by McKinsey in collaboration with the University of Oxford suggested that half of all large-scale IT projects (those with initial cost estimates of $15 million or more) often failed to maintain costs within their initial budgets or to complete on time.[62]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ On the later more broad application of the term IT, Keary comments: "In its original application 'information technology' was appropriate to describe the convergence of technologies with application in the vast field of data storage, retrieval, processing, and dissemination. This useful conceptual term has since been converted to what purports to be of great use, but without the reinforcement of definition ... the term IT lacks substance when applied to the name of any function, discipline, or position."[2]

References

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ Chandler, Daniel; Munday, Rod (10 February 2011), "Information technology", A Dictionary of Media and Communication (first ed.), Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0199568758, retrieved 1 August 2012, Commonly a synonym for computers and computer networks but more broadly designating any technology that is used to generate, store, process, and/or distribute information electronically, including television and telephone..
  2. ^ Ralston, Hemmendinger & Reilly (2000), p. 869.
  3. ^ Forbes Technology Council, 16 Key Steps To Successful IT Project Management, published 10 September 2020, accessed 23 June 2023
  4. ^ Hindarto, Djarot (30 August 2023). "The Management of Projects is Improved Through Enterprise Architecture on Project Management Application Systems". International Journal Software Engineering and Computer Science. 3 (2): 151–161. doi:10.35870/ijsecs.v3i2.1512. ISSN 2776-3242.
  5. ^ a b Butler, Jeremy G., A History of Information Technology and Systems, University of Arizona, archived from the original on 5 August 2012, retrieved 2 August 2012
  6. ^ a b Leavitt, Harold J.; Whisler, Thomas L. (1958), "Management in the 1980s", Harvard Business Review, 11.
  7. ^ Slotten, Hugh Richard (1 January 2014). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the History of American Science, Medicine, and Technology. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780199766666.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-976666-6.
  8. ^ Henderson, H. (2017). computer science. In H. Henderson, Facts on File science library: Encyclopedia of computer science and technology. (3rd ed.). [Online]. New York: Facts On File.
  9. ^ Schmandt-Besserat, Denise (1981), "Decipherment of the earliest tablets", Science, 211 (4479): 283–285, Bibcode:1981Sci...211..283S, doi:10.1126/science.211.4479.283, ISSN 0036-8075, PMID 17748027.
  10. ^ Wright (2012), p. 279.
  11. ^ Chaudhuri (2004), p. 3.
  12. ^ Lavington (1980), p. 11.
  13. ^ Enticknap, Nicholas (Summer 1998), "Computing's Golden Jubilee", Resurrection (20), ISSN 0958-7403, archived from the original on 9 January 2012, retrieved 19 April 2008.
  14. ^ Cooke-Yarborough, E. H. (June 1998), "Some early transistor applications in the UK", Engineering Science & Education Journal, 7 (3): 100–106, doi:10.1049/esej:19980301 (inactive 12 July 2025), ISSN 0963-7346citation: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link).
  15. ^ US2802760A, Lincoln, Derick & Frosch, Carl J., "Oxidation of semiconductive surfaces for controlled diffusion", issued 13 August 1957 
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Further reading

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Information technology (IT) is a set of relevant fields within information and interactions modern technology (ICT), that incorporate computer system systems, software, shows languages, information and information processing, and storage. Information technology is an application of computer technology and computer design. The term is commonly utilized as a synonym for computer systems and local area network, however it additionally incorporates other details circulation innovations such as television and telephones. Numerous services or products within an economic situation are connected with information technology, consisting of computer hardware, software program, electronics, semiconductors, net, telecommunications tools, and e-commerce. An infotech system (IT system) is generally an information system, an interactions system, or, extra specifically talking, a computer system —-- consisting of all hardware, software program, and outer equipment —-- operated by a limited group of IT users, and an IT job generally describes the commissioning and application of an IT system. IT systems play a crucial duty in helping with efficient information monitoring, enhancing communication networks, and supporting business processes throughout different markets. Effective IT projects call for meticulous preparation and continuous upkeep to ensure optimum capability and alignment with organizational purposes. Although humans have actually been storing, obtaining, manipulating, evaluating and interacting details considering that the earliest writing systems were established, the term information technology in its modern feeling first showed up in a 1958 article published in the Harvard Organization Evaluation; authors Harold J. Leavitt and Thomas L. Whisler commented that "the brand-new modern technology does not yet have a single recognized name. We will call it infotech (IT)." Their interpretation consists of 3 classifications: techniques for handling, the application of analytical and mathematical approaches to decision-making, and the simulation of higher-order analyzing computer system programs.

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